Number albedo measurements from stratified layers of iron,concrete and aluminium

A layer of stratified combination composed of selected radiation shielding materials acquires better shielding property. Albedo is used in such measurements as an integral measure ofγ-ray scattering. The stratified slabs of alternating heterogeneous layers have been found to have a virtual homogeneous property with a definite effective atomic number. The angular distribution of back-scattered photons as well as the total number albedo values for iron, aluminium and concrete in stratified combination for 662 keV and 1250 keV photons are reported.     

用零维能量平衡气候模型分析大气气溶胶的气候效应

将大气短波吸收系数的增加量假设为晴空大气反照率的增加量的线性函数,综合考虑云对能量传输的调节及其与地气系统之间复杂的非线性相互作用,利用零维能量平衡模型分析了气溶胶的气候效应。分析计算结果发现,大气气溶胶含量增加可能引发的气候变化主要是：(1) 大气温度升高,地表感热输送和蒸发潜热减少,这会引起全球干旱; (2) 气溶胶使地面升温还是降温,主要依赖于大气对太阳辐射的吸收能力和晴空大气的反照率,地表反照率反馈机制使气溶胶的气候效应得到加强。     

A comparison of numerical and analytical radiative-transfer solutions for plane albedo of natural waters

Several numerical and analytical solutions of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) were compared for plane albedo in a problem of solar light reflection by sea water. The study incorporated the simplest case—a semi-infinite one-dimensional plane—parallel absorbing and scattering homogeneous layer illuminated by a monodirectional light beam. Inelastic processes (such as Raman scattering and fluorescence), polarization and air-water surface refraction-reflection effects, were not considered. Algorithms were based on the invariant imbedding method and two different variants of the discrete ordinate method (DOM). Calculations were performed using parameters across all possible ranges (single-scattering albedo ω₀ and refracted solar zenith angle θ₁), but with a special emphasis on natural waters. All computations were made for two scattering phase functions, which included an almost isotropic Rayleigh phase function and strongly anisotropic double-peaked Fournier-Forand-Mobley phase function. Models were validated using quasi-single-scattering (QSSA) and exponential approximations, which represent the extreme cases of ω₀→0 and ω₀→1, respectively. All methods yielded relative differences within 1.8% for modeled natural waters. An analysis of plane albedo behavior resulted in the development of a new extended QSSA approximation, which when applied in conjunction with the extended Hapke approximation developed earlier, resulted in a maximum relative error of 2.7%. The study results demonstrated that for practical applications, the estimation of inherent optical properties from observed reflectance can best be achieved using an extended Hapke approximation.     

基于未校准PMS和参照物的三维表面重建

未校准的PMS在重建物体三维形状时比经典的PMS的光照约束条件低,增加了在实际应用时的灵活性。但未校准PMS算法需要同时估算输入图像的光参数以及物体的三维形状,算法的求解难度也随之提高。本文提出一种基于未校准PMS和参照物的算法来估算目标物体的三维形状和反照率,并通过实验对合成物体以及自然光环境下的真实物体进行了三维重建,实验结果验证了本文算法的准确性和有效性。     

地表反照率对短波红外探测大气CO2的影响

在卫星短波红外遥感二氧化碳的过程中, 表征地表特征的地表反照率是影响探测精度的重要参数之一. 针对温室气体二氧化碳高精度探测的需求, 本文研究了地表反照率对正演模拟光谱和反演近地面二氧化碳平均柱浓度XCO₂的影响. 模拟计算结果显示, 地表反照率数值增大时, 观察的光谱强度也相应增大, 并且在O₂-A波段造成的光谱差异比1.6 μm波段高出一个数量级, 即地表反照率在O₂-A波段的影响比较大. 选取了两个不同地表类型的实际观测光谱, 仅改变O₂-A波段和1.6 μm波段地表反照率数值, 得出草地点在O₂-A波段地表反照率达到0.25的误差时, 会给XCO₂的反演结果造成大于1%的相对误差, 而1.6 μm波段的地表反照率变化对XCO₂的反演结果造成的误差可以忽略不计, 说明了地表反照率在反演XCO₂过程中的重要性主要来自对O₂-A波段的影响. 此研究表明了地表反照率在卫星遥感温室气体过程中的重要性, 为提高遥感探测二氧化碳的精度提供了重要的理论依据和指导.     

平面Au靶再发射的数值模拟

利用一维多群辐射输运程序(RDMG),数值研究了平面Au靶入射流强度对再发射谱、再发射流、反照率及边界等效温度的影响。当入射流强度在(0.12-1.2)x1014 W/cm2 范围内,发射谱接近平衡谱,但在峰值附近谱形发生畸变。随着入射流强度降低,发射谱偏离平衡谱越来越大。分析表明,这与烧蚀深度和冕区光学厚度变小有关。本文还给出了在不同入射流强度情况下反照率及边界等效温度随时间变化规律,并给出了吸收流和再发射流脉冲的分析。     

The kinetic boundary layer for the Klein-Kramers equation; A new numerical approach

We explore a numerical technique for determining the structure of the kinetic boundary layer of the Klein-Kramers equation for noninteracting Brownian particles in a fluid near a wall that absorbs the Brownian particles. The equation is of interest in the theory of diffusion-controlled reactions and of the coagulation of colloidal suspensions. By numerical simulation of the Langevin equation equivalent to the Klein-Kramers equation we amass statistics of the velocities at the first return to the wall and of the return times for particles injected into the fluid at the wall with given velocities. The data can be used to construct the solutions of the standard problems at an absorbing wall, the Milne and the albedo problem. We confirm and extend earlier results by Burschka and Titulaer, obtained by a variational method vexed by the slow convergence of the underlying eigenfunction expansion. We briefly discuss some further boundary layer problems that can be attacked by exploiting the results reported here.     

Experimental calculations of number,energy and dose albedos for various materials using 662 keV gamma rays

ABSTRACT

Number, energy and dose albedos are measured at a scattering angle of 180° for a broad beam of 662 keV gamma rays obtained from a radioactive source of ¹³⁷Cs (having strength in µCi; 1 Ci?=?3.7?×?10¹⁰ disintegrations per second). The gamma beam is incident on semi-infinite thick targets of variable atomic numbers. The scattering media is divided into three sets, which are pure elements, alloys and composite materials. Experiments are carried out using a 3^″?×?3^″ NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. To obtain precision in data, the response unfolding of a scintillation detector is used, which converts the observed pulse-height distribution to a true photon spectrum over the energy range of 2.5 to 640 keV. The detector response unfolding results in the true intensity of back-scattered gamma flux by shifting the events resulting from partial absorption of photons to the full energy peak of the spectrum. In the present study, albedo factors are studied as a function of target thickness and their atomic number. The experimentally calculated numbers of back-scattered gamma photon are in good agreement with theoretically generated numbers of multiple back-scattered counts by using a Monte Carlo simulation code. The experimental data on energy and intensity of 662 keV gamma photons are used to evaluate the number, energy and dose albedos for different materials under investigation.     

深圳城市气溶胶物理光学特性的观测研究

气溶胶是影响气候变化和空气污染的重要因子.在深圳地区展开气溶胶观测实验,可以获得可靠的光学物理特征,进而有助于准确评估气溶胶在新型超极城市区域的气像和环境效应.本文利用2010年12月至2011年8月太阳光度计、黑碳和浊度计等气溶胶观测资料,分析了新型超级城市深圳地区的气溶胶物理光学特性.深圳地区气溶胶呈明显季节变化,冬、春季由于城市污染性气溶胶的影响,气溶胶光学厚度和Angstrom波长指数都较大,夏季受海盐气溶胶的影响,光学厚度较小,Angstrom波长指数也较小.光学厚度与Angstrom 波长指数对比表明城市综合性污染是引起深圳气溶胶高光学厚度的主要原因.深圳地区气溶胶的散射系数、吸收系数的平均值(标准偏差)分别为178.7×10^-6 m^-1(126.6×10^-6 m^-1)和32.5×10^-6 m^-1(18.1×10^-6 m^-1),均低于珠三角腹地多年观测平均值的二分之一和国内其他大型城市观测值.而单次散射反照率为0.81,与珠三角其他地区得到的结果接近.此外,气溶胶吸收、散射和单次散射反照率呈明显日变化,可能主要受大气边界层变化的影响.     

北京地区城市化对辐射强迫的影响估算

能引起城市区域辐射强迫的因素较多,但是目前城市化引起的辐射强迫的相关研究较少.本文利用GLASS 反照率遥感数据和CERES地表短波辐射数据计算了近10年来北京地区城市化过程引起的辐射强迫,讨论了辐射强迫 的空间分布规律及数量统计特征.基于2000、2010年2期的Globeland30土地分类数据提取了城市边缘区,并结合辐射 强迫遥感数据计算了主城核心区、內缘区、各级外缘区的辐射强迫,探究了土地覆盖变化强迫因子、气候等其他强迫因子 的相对贡献大小.结果表明:近10年北京市全区域的辐射强迫为2.52 W·m-2,表现为增温效应,其中土地覆被不变区 域产生的辐射强迫为2.51W·m-2,耕地、林地是2种主要辐射强迫源;土地覆被变化区域产生的辐射强迫为2.67 W· m-2,非植被类型之间的土地覆被变化引起的平均辐射强迫为2.23W·m-2,有植被参与的土地覆被变化区域产生的辐 射强迫为2.95W·m-2;主城核心区的辐射强迫为-1.16W·m-2,表现为降温效应;辐射强迫变化与距离主城区的距离 呈先增大后减小的变化趋势.研究结果可为城市区域的辐射强迫研究提供参考,有助于了解北京市区域气候分布差异