黑河林区驼鹿冬季营养容纳量的研究

根据动物的营养需求和环境所能提供的可食生物量,对黑龙江省黑河市胜山林场1999和2000年冬季驼鹿(Alces alces)营养容纳量进行了估计。环境所提供的可食生物量的估计基于驼鹿的冬季生境所提供的主要食物的可获得量,根据野外调查,确定在该区驼鹿冬季的主要食物为:杨、柳、桦和榛。笔者采用较合理的代谢能指标,通过圈养驼鹿消化代谢实验,并结合野外调查,最后得出驼鹿各主要营养物质的需求量分别为:干物质(DM),4.73 kg/d;代谢能(ME),75 558 kJ/d;氮(N),37.67 g/d(以驼鹿290 kg的平均体重为标准)。黑河林区1999和2000年的营养容纳量分别为76只(0.005 4只/hm2)和109只(0.007 8只/hm2)。     

印度洋-太平洋海表温度异常的持续性特征

用Reynolds＆Smith重构的1950-1998年月平均SST资料分析了印度洋-太平洋海表温度距平SSTA的持续性特征。结果表明:SSTA的持续性在空间上分布不均匀,可将有明显差异的SSTA持续性特征的海区分为3类:全年各月持续性好的区域,主要包括热带中东太平洋马蹄形海域、赤道中东印度洋、热带西太平洋,持续时间一般在10个月以上;全年各月持续性差的区域,主要包括西北太平洋、东亚沿海和东南太平洋,持续时间一般为3个月左右;各月持续性有季节性变化的区域,主要包括赤道东太平洋,南海。SSTA持续性的整体空间分布存在冬夏两种主要分布型,夏季型SSTA的持续性要比冬季好。冬夏间SSTA持续性最明显的差异出现在赤道东太平洋和东亚沿海、南海区域,由冬季转入夏季时,赤道东太平洋SSTA的持续性由差变好,东亚沿海、南海地区的情况则与之相反。     

抗日根据地冬学运动的教师问题

抗日战争时期，抗日根据地冬学运动的轰轰烈烈发展使冬学教师短缺问题日益突出。根据地通过发动干部、选拔在校学生、动员当地知识分子和实行小先生与集体互相学习制等途径弥补了教师的空缺。但教师的选拔是严格的，并且必须经过一定的培训。在待遇差、条件极其艰苦的情况下，冬学教师们克服困难，出色地完成了民众教育与动员的任务。历史应该记住这些为抗战的胜利而在大后方无私奉献的冬学教师们。     

基于灰度关联分析的冬小麦叶片含水量高光谱估测

尝试应用灰色关联分析方法(GRA)分析典型的水分植被指数(WVI)和水分含量(LWC)间的关联度,然后选择对冬小麦叶片水含量敏感的指数,比较SRM-PLS(逐步回归-偏最小二乘)方法和PLS方法估算LWC的精度。首先,对冬小麦WVI与LWC进行灰色关联分析,筛选出对冬小麦LWC敏感的WVI;其次,利用筛选出的敏感WVI,分别用PLS-SRM方法和PLS两种方式估算冬小麦LWC;然后对两种方式进行比较,选择最高决定系数(R2)和最小均方根误差(RMSE)的LWC估算模型来估算冬小麦LWC。结果表明：在整个生育期用PLS和PLS-SRM方法估算LWC, R2和RMSE分别为0.605和0.575,4.75%和7.35%。研究表明：先使用GRA对WVI和LWC进行关联度分析,再用PLS或PLS-SRM方法可以提高冬小麦的LWC估算精度。     

郑州机场冬春季大风的分析预报

通过对郑州机场1998~2005年的大风天气进行统计整理分析,总结出主要影响郑州机场飞行的冬春季大风成因及一些特征进行了分型,并提出了2种典型大风天气形势的一般预报思路,以提高大风天气的预报准确率,从而更好地保障飞行安全和航班正点.     

Dissolved oxygen in the bottom water of the Sea of Japan as a sensitive alarm for global climate change

The Sea of Japan, a semi-closed marginal sea (greatest depth ∼3700 m) in the northwestern-most Pacific Ocean, has an independent, deep convection system, which is driven by the formation and the sinking of cool, saline surface water towards the bottom in severe winters. Continuous measurement of dissolved oxygen using highly precise versions of the Winkler titration method has revealed 8-10% decreases in the bottom concentration of oxygen (O₂) over the past 30 years. The temporal decrease in O₂ means an imbalance between the supply of O₂ from the surface and the in situ consumption of O₂ in decomposing organic matter, suggesting that the change in the deep convection pattern of the Sea of Japan is probably caused by global climate change to reduce winter cooling of surface seawater.     

沈阳地区冬小麦幼穗分化规律研究

本文研究了沈阳地区冬小麦的田间存活率、生育期、主茎春生叶龄等几个指标与冬小麦幼穗分化规律的关系.结论表明：田间存活率在品种间差别不显著,播期间显著.不同处理对全生育期及各个生育时期有很大的影响.叶龄可以作为反映幼穗分化阶段的辅助指标.各处理都没有观察到冬前生长锥伸长.返青后开始穗分,成穗分化历时一个半月左右.二棱期至小花分化期间隔日数长短决定能否分化更多的小穗数.     

Maneuver analysis methodology to predict vehicle impacts on training lands

Tactical mobility analysis techniques were merged with land management strategies to assess potential impacts of vehicle operations on training areas for rangeland planning and management. A vehicle mobility analysis was performed for a suite of vehicle types using the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM II). Input parameters include terrain information (soil type, slope, vegetation, surface roughness, soil strength), terrain surface condition based on climate (terrain strength, freeze–thaw, moisture content, snow cover), and vehicle specifications (tire, power train, weight on each axle, ground clearance, dimensions, ride). The vehicle performance was spatially mapped over the terrain for different seasons of the year and used to calculate the maneuverable acreage, which was compared to acreage needed for training requirements. This can be related to land capability based on expected training impact (Maneuver Impact Miles, MIM) and Land Condition Curves which link training density to land condition. This methodology can be used to determine the suitability of training lands and the degree of land management or rehabilitation expected. The methodology was applied to the transformation of the Alaska training lands to support a new brigade unit called the Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT3), but is equally useful for other training areas and military units. For summer use, Alaska training lands are capable of supporting four times the projected training requirements. For winter, when the ground is frozen, more than 10 times the area needed was available.     

基于遥感和作物生长模型的多尺度冬小麦估产研究

粮食安全是社会和谐、政治稳定和经济可持续发展的重要保障。准确预测区域乃至全球的农作物产量能够为各级政府、相关部门制定农业农村政策提供技术支持,保障粮食安全。目前关于农作物估产的研究大多具有地域性、经验性,过分依赖地面实测数据,一种基于多光谱卫星遥感数据和作物生长模型估算农作物产量的模型框架SCYM（Scalable Crop Yield Mapper）能够极大地减少模型对实测数据的依赖,快速应用于不同空间尺度、不同种类作物的估产,为多尺度农作物估产研究提供了一条有效的途径。以安徽省2012年-2018年冬小麦为研究对象,通过总结前人研究确定的敏感参数及其在研究区内的波动范围,结合大量实割实测数据优化WOFOST（WOrld FOod STudies）模型参数;将模拟产量、不同时段的模拟叶面积指数(LAI)同遴选出的天气变量训练随机森林模型,并以最佳观测日期组合下的MODIS-LAI代替对应时段的模拟LAI进行产量估算。结果表明：（1）模型产量估算值与站点实测值的总体相关性为0.758（R2为0.575）,RMSE为790.92 kg·ha-1。精度较高的站点主要分布在淮北平原（<1%）而高误差区域集中于皖南丘陵地带（>40%）;（2）对2012年-2018年全省范围进行冬小麦估产,根据7年平均估产结果的空间分布,小麦单产由北向南逐渐减少,高值区出现在皖北的淮北平原,低值区主要分布于皖中、皖南地区;（3）2012年-2018年实测单产平均值为6 058.00 kg·ha-1,SCYM估算单产平均值为5 984.95 kg·ha-1,且估算产量与实测产量的年际时间序列的相关性为0.822,RMSE为189.96 kg·ha-1,每年估产的相对误差均不超过6%。研究表明SCYM估产框架对安徽省冬小麦产量估算具有一定的可行性,在产量预报方面效果良好。该方法能够在一定程度上改善以往估产模型存在的地域性、经验性问题,在区域尺度的应用方面具有极大的潜力,未来可为农业估产提供极其重要的理论依据和实用价值。     

Mapping of powdery mildew using multi-spectral HJ-CCD image in Beijing suburban area

Powdery mildew is one of the most serious diseases, which has a significant impact on the production of winter wheat. As an effective alternative to traditional sampling methods, remote sensing can be a useful tool in disease detection. This study examines the potential of a moderate resolution multispectral satellite image in disease monitoring at regional scale. At the suburban area around Beijing, a large size ground survey sample (n = 90) and the corresponding HJ-CCD image were acquired at the grain filling stage of winter wheat. A number of spectral features were found to be sensitive to powdery mildew through an independent t-test. Based on these spectral features, classification models were established using both spectral information divergence (SID) and spectral angle mapper (SAM), respectively. The results showed that the overall accuracies of disease identification and severity estimation were moderate. The estimation of normal and seriously infected samples yielded higher accuracies than slightly infected samples. The single phase HJ-CCD can only be used for locating the infected areas of powdery mildew, whereas is unable to discriminate the severity levels of disease. The presence of several stressors and disturbances other than disease is a possible reason of the unsatisfactory performance of disease monitoring models. Therefore, the integration of multi-phase onboard data and some relevant ancillary data is necessary to improve the accuracy and reliability of disease monitoring at regional scale.