Experimental identification of physical parameters of fluid-filled pipes using acoustical signal processing

A method is formulated for the identification of an unknown physical parameter of a fluid-filled pipe using the measurement of sound speed in the pipe. The method uses a simple formula which provides the relationship between the sound speed and a few physical parameters of the pipe: thickness, diameter, wall material constants and fluid constants. Once the sound speed in the pipe is measured, the simple formula can be used to extract one of the unknown parameters providing the remaining ones are known.The sound speed in the pipe is measured using a 3-transducer array. In order to demonstrate the potential of the technique the results of several measurements obtained in a water-filled steel pipe are presented.The required accuracy of the measurement of sound speed and of the specification of known parameters is analysed. The accuracy depends on the unknown parameter which is to be identified. For example, if the pipe thickness is the unknown parameter, the other parameters have to be known within a very narrow margin of error. On the contrary, if the fluid properties have to be identified the needed accuracy of known parameters gets much lower.     

Hierarchical structures in a turbulent pipe flow

A hierarchical structure (HS) analysis (β-test and γ-test) is applied to a fully developed turbulent pipe flow. Velocity signals are measured at two cross sections in the pipe and at a series of radial locations from the pipe wall. Particular attention is paid to the variation of turbulent statistics at wall units 10<y⁺<3000. It is shown that at all locations the velocity fluctuations satisfy the She–Leveque hierarchical symmetry (Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 (1994) 336). The measured HS parameters, β and γ, are interpreted in terms of the variation of fluid structures. Intense anisotropic fluid structures generated near the wall appear to be more singular than the most intermittent structures in isotropic turbulence and appear to be more outstanding compared to the background fluctuations; this yields a more intermittent velocity signal with smaller γ and β. As turbulence migrates into the logarithmic region, small-scale motions are generated by an energy cascade and large-scale organized structures emerge which are also less singular than the most intermittent structures of isotropic turbulence. At the center, turbulence is nearly isotropic, and β and γ are close to the 1994 She–Leveque predictions. A transition is observed from the logarithmic region to the center in which γ drops and the large-scale organized structures break down. We speculate that it is due to the growing eddy viscosity effects of widely spread turbulent fluctuations in a similar way as in the breakdown of the Taylor vortices in a turbulent Couette–Taylor flow at high Reynolds numbers.     

The effects of flow split ratio and flow rate in manifolds

This paper reports a combined experimental and numerical investigation of three-dimensional steady turbulent flows in inlet manifolds of square cross-section. Predictions and measurements of the flows were carried out using computational fluid dynamics and laser Doppler anemometry techniques respectively. The flow structure was characterized in detail and the effects of flow split ratio and inlet flow rate were studied. These were found to cause significant variations in the size and shape of recirculation regions in the branches, and in the turbulence levels. It was then found that there is a significant difference between the flow rates through different branches. The performance of the code was assessed through a comparison between predictions and measurements. The comparison demonstrates that all important features of the flow are well represented by the predictions.     

等径管道的三维重建

由轮廓线重建物体的现有方法，不能准确地恢复原有管道的形状．本文提出了一种等径管道的三维重建方法，能较为准确地恢复原管道的三维结构．     

GC-MS监测生活饮用水输配水管材及防护材料中溶出的挥发性有机物

我国的生活饮用水行业中,目前常使用的管材分为金属类管材和非金属类管材两种。由于金属类管材本身的化学特性,行业内必须在此类管材的内壁上进行防腐处理,通常采用一些高分子防腐涂料。可用于给水行业的涂料品种繁多,涂料质量好坏直接影响到水质。我们针对一些常用产品作了浸泡试验,用吹扫捕集-GC-MS方法对水中溶出的可挥发性有机物进行了检测,发现一些产品在水中溶出了大量的甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、甲乙苯等苯系物,且浸泡30d后仍有溶出物。这些物质长期存在会导致人体中枢神经系统紊乱,严重危害人体健康。行业内关于水源水中此类有机物污染的监测比较充分,而对于防护涂料可能污染水质的状况并未引起足够重视。     

皖西大别山区野生攀援观赏植物资源与应用研究

通过对皖西大别山区野生攀援观赏植物资源的调查研究,本区有野生攀援植物157种具有较高观赏价值。根据其攀援特性分为缠绕类75种、吸附类17种、卷须类27种、蔓生类38种。探讨了其在园林绿化中的应用形式,对本区野生攀援观赏植物进行了总体评价,并对其开发利用提出了建议。     

拖网渔船导管螺旋桨设计方法分析

本文就对拖网渔船在自航和拖航两种工况下，对推进性能较高的导管螺旋桨设计时有关问题进行分析，提出为满足拖航工况时可适当增加桨的直径或采用两档速比齿轮箱以满足两种工况下的推进要求的观点，这对拖网渔船在两种工况下做到桨、机、船匹配是合适可行的。     

管道噪声的有源控制方法的研究

理论分析表明,管道有源消声器在低频段具有良好的降噪效果,本文对单频管道噪声的有源抵消方法进行了初步研究,为车用有源消声器的最终开发和研制提供基础。     

Intermittency as a transition to turbulence in pipes: A long tradition from Reynolds to the 21st century

Intermittencies are commonly observed in fluid mechanics, and particularly, in pipe flows. Initially observed by Reynolds (1883), it took one century for reaching a rather full understanding of this phenomenon whose irregular dynamics (apparently stochastic) puzzled hydrodynamicists for decades. In this brief (non-exhaustive) review, mostly focused on the experimental characterization of this transition between laminar and turbulent regimes, we present some key contributions for evidencing the two concomittant and antagonist processes that are involved in this complex transition and were suggested by Reynolds. It is also shown that a clear explicative model was provided, based on the nonlinear dynamical systems theory, the experimental observations in fluid mechanics only providing an applied example, due to its obvious generic nature.     

Nonlinear dynamics of imperfectly-supported pipes conveying fluid

In this paper, the nonlinear dynamics of a pipe imperfectly supported at the upstream end and free at the other and conveying fluid is investigated. The imperfect support is modelled via cubic translational and rotational springs. The equation of motion is obtained via Hamilton’s principle for an open system, and the Galerkin method is used for discretizing the resulting partial differential equation. The dynamics of a system with either strong rotational or strong translational stiffness is examined in details. Numerical results show that similarly to a cantilevered pipe, the system undergoes a supercritical Hopf bifurcation leading to period-1 limit cycle oscillations. The Hopf bifurcation may, however, occur at a much lower flow velocity compared to the perfect system. At higher flow velocities, quasi-periodic and chaotic-like motions may be observed. The amplitude of transverse displacement is generally much higher than that for a cantilevered pipe, mainly due to large-amplitude rigid-body motion. In addition, effects of the mass ratio, internal dissipation, hardening- or softening-type nonlinearity, as well as concentrated- or distributed-type nonlinearity on the dynamics of the system are examined.