Expression and Characterization of HGV E2 cDNA in Pichia pastoris

A 559 base pair fragment of cDNA locating at the putative E2 region of GBV-C/HGV was in-serted into Pichia pastoris expression vector pPICgK in the reading frame of α-factor secreting signal pep-tide. The recombinant expression plasmid pPIC9K-E2 was introduced into P. pastoris GSll5 with electro-poration and recombined with the host genome by homological recombination. The His+Mut+ recombinantyeasts were selected and cultivated in the BMMY medium. After 3 days induction with 0. 5% methanol,the target protein(E2) accumulated up to 30% of total proteins in the supernatant. The expressed E2 pro-tein was proved possessing antigenicity and high specificity with Western blot and ELISA probed with serafrom the immunized rabbits and the patients infected by GBV-C/HGV.     

Characterization and complementation of a Pichia stipitis mutant unable to grow on d-xylose or l-arabinose

Pichia stipitis CBS 6054 will grow on d-xylose, d-arabinose, and l-arabinose. d-Xylose and l-arabinose are abundant in seed hulls of maize, and their utilization is important in processing grain residues. To elucidate the degradation pathway for l-arabinose, we obtained a mutant, FPL-MY30, that was unable to grow on d-xylose and l-arabinose but that could grow on d-arabinitol. Activity assays of oxidoreductase and pentulokinase enzymes involved in d-xylose, d-arabinose, and l-arabinose pathways indicated that FPL-MY30 is deficient in d-xylitol dehydrogenase (D-XDH), d- and l-arabinitol dehydrogenases, and d-ribitol dehydrogenase. Transforming FPL-MY30 with a gene for xylitol dehydrogenase (PsXYL2), which was cloned from CBS 6054 (Gen Bank AF127801), restored the D-XDH activity and the capacity for FPL-MY30 to grow on l-arabinose. This suggested that FPL-MY30 is critically deficient in XYL2 and that the d-xylose and l-arabinose metabolic pathways have xylitolas a common intermediate. The capacity for FPL-MY30 to grow on d-arabinitol could proceed through d-ribulose.     

Diminished Respirative Growth and Enhanced Assimilative Sugar Uptake Result in Higher Specific Fermentation Rates by the MutantPichia stipitis FPL-061

A mutant strain ofPichia stipitis, FPL-061, was obtained by selecting for growth on L-xylose in the presence of respiratory inhibitors. The specific fermentation rate of FPL-061, was higher than that of the parent,Pichia stipitis CBS 6054, because of its lower cell yield and growth rate and higher specific substrate uptake rate. With a mixture of glucose and xylose, the mutant strain FPL-061 produced 29.4 g ethanol/L with a yield of 0.42 g ethanol/g sugar consumed. By comparison, CBS 6054 produced 25.7 g ethanol/L with a yield of 0.35 gJg. The fermentation was most efficient at an aeration rate of 9.2 mmoles O₂ L^-1 h^-1. At high aeration rates (22 mmoles O₂ L^-1 h^-1), the mutant cell yield was less than that of the parent. At low aeration rates, (1.1 to 2.5 O₂ L^-1 h^-1), cell yields were similar, the ethanol formation rates were low, and xylitol accumulation was observed in both the strains. Both strains respired the ethanol once sugar was exhausted. We infer from the results that the mutant, P.stipitis FPL-061, diverts a larger fraction of its metabolic energy from cell growth into ethanol production.     

Relative fermentability of lignocellulosic diluteacid prehydrolysates

The relative toxicity of the combined nonxylose components in prehydrolysates derived from three different lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks was determined. One woody (poplar) and two herbaceous (corn stover and switchgrass) feedstocks were dilute-acid pretreated under temperature and acid conditions chosen to optimize xylose recovery in the liquid prehydrolysate; xylose yields averaged 96,89,and 87% of theoretical for switchgrass,corn stover,and poplar,respectively. Prehydrolysates from each feedstock were neutralized,adjusted to equivalent xylose concentrations,and bioassayed for toxicity,using a standardized fermentation protocol withPichia stipitis NRRL 11545. Full time-courses for ethanol production (30-60 h) clearly illustrate the distinct inhibitory effects of prehydrolysates from different feedstocks. The relative toxicity of the prehydrolysates,ranked in order of decreasing toxicity,is poplar-derived prehydrolysates > switchgrass-derived prehydrolysates > corn stover-derived prehydrolysates. The inhibition of ethanol production appeared to be the result of a general slowdown of yeast metabolism,rather than the result of the production of alternative, nonethanol end products. Ethanol yields averaged 74,83,and 88% of control values for poplar,switchgrass,and corn stover prehydrolysates, respectively. Volumetric ethanol productivities (g ethanol L/h) averaged 32,70,and 102% of control values for poplar,switchgrass,and corn stover prehydrolysates,respectively. Ethanol productivities correlated closely with acetate concentrations in the prehydrolysates; however, regression lines correlating acetate concentrations and ethanol productivities were found to be feedstock-dependent. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Publication Number 11114     

重组肠激酶在甲醇酵母中高效表达的培养条件研究

对重组肠激酶在甲醇酵母中高效表达的发酵条件进行了优化，并在BiofloⅢ发酵罐中实现了高密度培养和高效表达。结果表明；温度30C，培养基pH6．0，当酵母密度达到200A600mm以上时，加入无水甲醇，控制甲醇的流加体积，使其终体积分数为1．0％～3．O％，继续诱导培养72h左右，酵母菌密度可达到150g／L，重组肠激酶总活性可达58kIU／L发酵液。     

重组人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)嵌合肽在毕赤酵母中的表达

目的：在巴期德毕赤酵母中表达人巨细胞病毒gp52C末端和pp150C末端串联片段的嵌合肽，方法：用SacI和BglⅡ分别酶切CMVp-pPIC9K重组质粒，电打孔法导入毕赤酵母GS115后，在缺组氨酸的MD板上筛选出转化子，然后根据甲醇利用快速型（Mut^ ）和甲醇利用缓慢型(Mut^s）菌株的不同生长特点，筛选出Mut^ 和Mut^s型转化子，用PCR法进一步鉴定阳性克隆，分别用甲醇诱导Mut^ 和Mut^s型转化子表达目的蛋白4d，取培养产物冻干浓缩，进行SDS-PAGE和Western blotting，筛选出能特异表达目的的蛋白的菌株，分析蛋白的含量及纯度。结果：重组人巨细胞病毒可在甲醇利用快速型毕赤酵母中有效表达，其表达量约占培养上清分泌蛋白的76.5%，结论：重组人巨细胞病毒（HCMV）嵌合肽可在真核细胞毕赤酵母中成功表达。     

重组人源性抗HBsAg Fab抗体的特性分析

通过噬菌体展示技术从含高滴度抗乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)抗体的人外周血淋巴细胞获得抗HBsAg Fab抗体的轻、重链基因．将Fab的轻、重链基因分别整合到巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichua pastons)GS115菌株的染色体上，成功构建了高效分泌表达抗HBsAg Fab抗体的酵母工程菌．对酵母表达的重组Fab抗体进行了纯化，并对其相对分子质量、糖基化以及抗原结合能力等特性进行了分析，结果显示重组酵母分泌表达的重组人源性抗HBsAg Fab是一个相对分子质量为50000左右的低糖基化糖蛋白，1mg重组Fab抗体相当于40u的抗乙肝表面抗原抗体(20U／mg)．表明重组Fab抗体具有较强的结合HBsAg的能力．     

分泌性表达人rPA毕赤酵母工程菌株的构建及发酵条件的初步优化

通过PCR扩增得到组织型纤溶酶原激活剂突变体Reteplase(rPA)基因片断，将该基因片断插入到含有AOX1启动子和α分泌信号肽序列载体pPIC9K中，构建了重组表达质粒pPICgK／rPA，转化Pichia pastoris GS115宿主菌．通过比较转化子在MM和MD平板上的生长状况，筛选His^ Mut^s表型转化子．并在2．0mg/mL G418平板筛选得到多拷贝转化子GR10，GR11．摇瓶培养，甲醇诱导外源基因表达，表达产物经SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析，结果表明重组蛋白分子量约39ku，能与特异性单克隆抗体发生免疫反应；体外气泡法测定rPA活性，结果显示重组蛋白具有较好的纤溶活性．通过正交试验，优化发酵条件，表达活性最高为1050IU／mL．     

优选发酵毕赤酵母与酿酒酵母混合发酵的葡萄酒酿造应用潜力

实验基于主要发酵副产物的生成含量评价优选发酵毕赤酵母与酿酒酵母混合发酵对葡萄酒质量的影响。采用优选发酵毕赤酵母Z9Y-3和商业酿酒酵母F33设计同时和顺序两种接种方式启动模拟葡萄汁的酒精发酵,以酿酒酵母和发酵毕赤酵母单菌株发酵为对照。琥珀酸和乳酸利用高效液相色谱法测定,甘油采用高碘酸钠氧化法分析,挥发酸采用水蒸气蒸馏法测定。结果显示,优选菌株参与下的发酵没有显著影响酒精发酵的进程,但在发酵过程中发酵毕赤酵母生长速率低于酿酒酵母。与酿酒酵母纯发酵相比,混合发酵提高了甘油的含量,降低了挥发酸的含量,其中顺序接种的发酵过程中酿酒酵母活菌数最高,发酵毕赤酵母存活期最长(7d),发酵过程中甘油累积量最高(2.7g/L),挥发酸含量最低(0.2g/L)。不同发酵处理中,琥珀酸和乳酸含量均呈现先增后降的趋势,但其最终含量变化不显著。综上可得,优选发酵毕赤酵母和酿酒酵母的混合发酵具有应用于葡萄酒酿造的应用潜力。     

密码子优化的植酸酶基因appA-P在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

根据毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)密码子使用偏爱性,对Escherichia coli来源的高比活植酸酶基因(appA)全面地进行密码子优化,人工合成了植酸酶基因(appA-P),并将该基因克隆到毕赤酵母诱导型分泌表达载体pHBM905A上,获得重组质粒pHBM905A-appA-P,通过PEG1000转化法将线性化的重组质粒转化毕赤酵母GS115菌株,筛选得到一个高效表达植酸酶的重组菌株GS115-appA-P,在25℃摇瓶培养168 h后酶活力达到422 U/mL,该植酸酶最适反应温度为60℃,最适反应pH为4.5,在20~50℃、pH1.0~6.0范围内较稳定.