高位池对虾精养技术及病害防治Ⅰ.高位池种类、结构

中国大陆对虾高位池对虾养殖自1994年在广东徐闻县首次试验成功以来已有10a历史,在广东、广西、海南三省区获得了成功并得到快速发展,平均单产凡纳滨对虾9000 kg/hm2,最高单产达30000 kg/hm2以上.地膜养虾模式自1998年在我国大陆创立以来也得到较快的发展,在传统池改造中愈加发挥重要作用.笔者将10年来从事高位精养虾池(简称高位池)及地膜精养虾池养虾经验及研究予以总结.详细介绍了高位虾池及地膜虾池结构包括进水系统、排水系统、增氧系统等,并对高位精养虾池及地膜精养虾池的养殖管理及病害防治技术作了系统介绍.     

诺氟沙星在淡水青虾体内药物代谢动力学研究

在(26±1)℃的水温条件下,青虾一次性肌肉注射25mg/kg诺氟沙星后,用反相高效液相色谱法测定青虾血淋巴和肌肉组织中诺氟沙星含量。青虾血淋巴药一时曲线和肌肉药一时曲线均可以用二室开放模型来描述,诺氟沙星在青虾血淋巴液中的主要药动学参数为:分布相半衰期t1/2α为1.66h,消除相半衰期t1/2β为1.69h,达峰时间T(Peak)为1.82h,峰浓度C(max)为6.0081μg/mL,曲下面积AUC为30.75μg·mL-1·h-1,吸收相半衰期t1/2ka为1.66h。肌肉中的主要药动学参数为:分布相半衰期t1/2α为0.08h,消除相半衰期t1/2β为4.42h,达峰时间T(Peak)为0.03h,峰浓度C(max)为16.72μg/mL,曲下面积AUC为12.34μg·mL-1·h-1,吸收相半衰期t1/2ka为0.08h。结果表明青虾肌注诺氟沙星后,能比较迅速的被吸收,并且在组织中维持较高的药物浓度。     

Ultra‐high pressure LC for astaxanthin determination in shrimp by‐products and active food packaging

Nowadays, there is increasing interest in natural antioxidants from food by‐products. Astaxanthin is a potent antioxidant and one of the major carotenoids in crustaceans and salmonids. An ultra‐high pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of astaxanthin in shrimp by‐products, and its migration from new packaging materials to food simulants was also studied. The method uses an UPLC® BEH guard‐column (2.1 × 5 mm, 1.7 µm particle size) and an UPLC® BEH analytical column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 µm particle size). Chromatographic separation was achieved using a programmed gradient mobile phase consisting of (A) acetonitrile–methanol (containing 0.05 m ammonium acetate)–dichloromethane (75:20:5, v/v/v) and (B) ultrapure water. This method was evaluated with respect to validation parameters such as linearity, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantification and recovery. Low‐density polyethylene films were prepared with different amounts of the lipid fraction of fermented shrimp waste by extrusion, and migration was evaluated into food simulants (isooctane and ethanol 95%, v/v). Migration was not detected under the tested conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Back to the future: A retrospective assessment of model‐based scenarios for the management of the shrimp fishery in French Guiana facing global change

While the number of models dedicated to predicting the consequences of alternative resource management strategies has increased, instances in which authors look back at past predictions to learn from discrepancies between these and observed developments are scarce. In the past decades, the French Guiana shrimp fishery has experienced shrimp market globalization and decreasing levels of shrimp recruitment due to environmental changes. In 2006, a bio‐economic model of this fishery was developed to simulate its possible responses to economic and environmental scenarios up to 2016. Here, we compare here these predictions to the observed trajectories. While the number of active vessels corresponds to that which was predicted, the estimated shrimp stock does not. Important driving factors had not been anticipated, including a general strike, natural disasters, and the end of the global financial crisis. These results show the importance of participative approaches involving stakeholders in the co‐construction and shared representation of scenarios. Recommendations for resource managers

• Effective fisheries resources management and a fortiori, the capacity of the fisheries to adapt to global change, requires understanding of both ecological and economics dynamics.
• The temporal trajectory of the trawling shrimp fisheries has been well monitored, and the decline of both stock and fleet is understood regarding ecological and economic changes: Changes in the environmental conditions of shrimp recruitment, and oil price increase and selling price decrease.
• However, our bio‐economic modeling work showed that, even with a good understanding of the dynamics explaining past trajectories, unpredictable events (strike, natural disasters…) have acted as other key driving factors altering the capacity of the model to represent possible futures.
• These results led us to recommend a better integration of the expertise of social and political scientists in developing models of bio‐economic systems to increase the quality of scenario predictions, and to argue for more participative approaches involving the stakeholders.

     

Characterization and bioactive potentials of secondary metabolites from Fusarium chlamydosporum

Abstract

A search for bioactive secondary metabolites from the endophytic fungus Fusarium chlamydosporum, isolated from the root of Suaeda glauca, led to the isolation of three indole derivatives (1–3), three cyclohexadepsipeptides (4–6), and four pyrones (7–10). The structures of new (1) and known compounds (2–10) were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. All these compounds were evaluated for phytotoxic, antimicrobial activities, and brine shrimp lethality. Compound 1 showed significant phytotoxic activity against the radicle growth of Echinochloa crusgalli, even better than the positive control of 2,4-D. Cyclohexadepsipeptides (4–6) and pyrones (7–10) exhibited brine shrimp lethality, especially 4 and 7 with the LD₅₀ values of 2.78 and 7.40?μg mL^?1, respectively, better than the positive control.     

虾仁中氯霉素残留量的气相色谱测定

建立了用配有电子俘获检测器(ECD)的气相色谱仪来测定虾仁中的氯霉素含量的方法.试样用乙酸乙酯提取,正己烷去杂,硅胶柱纯化,BSTFA+TMCS(99:1)试剂硅烷化.以GC ECD方式测定,外标法定量.当添加水平为0.2×10-9～1.0×10-9μg/kg时,回收率为70%～110%;相对标准偏差为1.0%～5.0%;线性相关系数r大于0.998.     

Determination of Phosphatidylcholine in Shrimp by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

The molecular species of phosphatidylcholine from freshwater sources (Macrobranchium nipponense and Macrobranchium rosenbergii) and marine sources (Euphausia superba and Penaeus chinesis) were characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The tandem secondary mass spectrometry (MS/MS) fragmentation allowed for the identification of fatty acyl residues of phosphatidylcholine molecular species. (16:0–18:1)Phosphatidylcholine was the main phosphatidylcholine molecular species determined in all shrimp samples, especially in E. superba. Macrobranchium rosenbergii phosphatidylcholine was particularly rich in (16:0–20:5)phosphatidylcholine and (16:0–22:6)phosphatidylcholine. The proportion of the two molecular species was next to the phosphatidylcholine of E. superba. Therefore, M. rosenbergii appears to be a potential freshwater source for the supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6). This approach may be used as an efficient method for the identification of natural phosphatidylcholine sources from the broad range of plant, animal, and marine origins.     

LF-NMR和MRI对干制虾仁复水过程水分状态及品质变化的研究

采用低场核磁(LF-NMR)及其成像技术(MRI)研究干制虾仁在25℃复水过程中的水分含量、分布及状态变化,并通过线性回归分析不同复水时间干制虾仁的LF-NMR参数与质构特性及复水率的相关性。实验结果表明,干制虾仁复水过程中存在结合水、不可移动水和自由水3个组分峰,随着复水时间的增加,结合水无明显变化,而自由水、不易流动水含量增加,且自由度增加,流动性增大。LF-NMR参数(T_(22)、T_(23)、A_(22)、A_(23)和A_(Total))和硬度、咀嚼性、弹性、凝聚性以及复水率有极显著的相关性(R~2≥0.613),为干制虾仁复水过程中品质的快速无损预测提供了一种新方法。     

Isolation and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Bidens spp. Using HPLC-DAD and GC-MS Analysis and Their Biological Activity as Anticancer Molecules

The genus Bidens a member of family Compositae, is widely documented as an ethno-medicinally important genus of plants. In the present study, anticancer potential of three ethno-medicinally important species i.e., B. bipinnata, B. biternata and B. pilosa were tested. For in-vitro evaluation, an MTT (Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide) assay was performed against cervical cancer cells (HeLa), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG), and adenocarcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549). For in vivo evaluation, Artemia salina, Danio rerio, and Caenorhabditis elegans were used. Among all the tested extracts, the ethanol extract of B. biternata appeared to have highest anticancer activity, and the compounds responsible for this activity were identified to be Tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl), 4-hydroxy-2,4′-dimethoxychalcone, and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. This is the first report of the isolation of Tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate from the genus Bidens and the first report of 4-hydroxy-2,4′-dimethoxychalcone and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol from B. biternata. Among the isolated compounds, 4-hydroxy-2,4′-dimethoxychalcone showed the highest anticancer activity with an LD50 value of 236.7 µg/mL. Therefore, this compound carries promising potential for being established as a pharmaceutical for chemoprevention and chemotherapy.     

海洋真菌杀虫活性的初步研究

对采集自浙江舟山海域底泥、福建省九龙江口红树林及福建省云霄县红树林共188株海洋真菌代谢产物的杀小杆线虫（Rhabditis sp．）和卤虫（brineshrimp）活性进行初步研究．筛选出#164菌株代谢产物对小杆线虫显示了较好的杀害活性，其LC90小于0．5mg／mL．#122菌株代谢产物对卤虫显示了较强的麻痹效应．#305菌株代谢产物对卤虫的LG。仅为75μg／mL．此外，对188株海洋真菌代谢产物的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性进行研究．筛选出#229菌株代谢产物和#170菌株代谢产物具有较强的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性,IC50分别为30／μg／mL和25／μg／mL．这些活性菌株具有产生杀线虫剂或乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂的特性．