Analysis of perfluorinated compounds in sewage sludge by pressurized solvent extraction followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are widely used in everyday life and one of the main recipients of these compounds is waste water treatment plants (WWTPs). Due to the structure and physicochemical properties of PFCs, these compounds could be redistributed from influent water to sludge. This work reports a new validated protocol for the analysis of 13 perfluorinated acids, 4 perfluorosulfonates and the perfluorooctanesulfonamide. The present work has been focused to develop a sensitive and robust method for the analysis of 18 PFCs in sewage sludge, based on pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) followed by solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up, analytes separation by liquid chromatography and analysis in a hybrid quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (LC-QLiT-MS/MS) working in single reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The final methodology was validated using a blank sewage sludge fortified at different concentration levels. The method limits of detection were ranging in general from 15 to 79 ng/kg. These values were comparable to the decision limit (CCα) and the detection capability (CCβ), which were 17-1134 ng/kg and 18-1347 ng/kg, respectively. The percentage of recovery was from 79 to 111% in the most cases at different spiked levels. Finally, the repeatability of the method was in the range 4% (PFOS and PFOA) to 25% (RSD %). In order to evaluate the applicability of the method, 5 sludge samples were analyzed. The results showed that the 18 PFCs were present in all samples. However, the concentrations for most of them were below the limits of quantification. The compound present at higher concentrations was perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), which was in concentrations from 53.0 to 121.1 μg/kg. The other PFCs were at concentrations between 0.3 and 30.3 μg/kg.     

基于MSP430单片机的以太网供电设备的软件设计

网络供电是EPA的关键技术之一，简要介绍了IEEE8．02．3af标准，系统分析了以太网供电设备的功能需求和总体设计，选用MSP430F148单片机和TPS2383A以太网供电电源管理器，基于I^2C-BUS通信规范，开发了符合IEEE802．3af标准的以太网供电设备，着重论述了该以太网供电设备的软件实现过程，最后给出了该供电设备在EPA系统中的应用实例，具有良好的使用效果。     

Sensitivity Analysis Using Adjoint Parabolized Stability Equations for Compressible Flows

An input/output framework is used to analyze the sensitivity of two- and three-dimensional disturbances in a compressible boundary layer for changes in wall and momentum forcing. The sensitivity is defined as the gradient of the kinetic disturbance energy at a given downstream position with respect to the forcing. The gradients are derived using the parabolized stability equations (PSE) and their adjoint (APSE). The adjoint equations are derived in a consistent way for a quasi-two-dimensional compressible flow in an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system. The input/output framework provides a basis for optimal control studies. Analysis of two-dimensional boundary layers for Mach numbers between 0 and 1.2 show that wall and momentum forcing close to branch I of the neutral stability curve give the maximum magnitude of the gradient. Forcing at the wall gives the largest magnitude using the wall normal velocity component. In case of incompressible flow, the two-dimensional disturbances are the most sensitive ones to wall inhomogeneity. For compressible flow, the three-dimensional disturbances are the most sensitive ones. Further, it is shown that momentum forcing is most effectively done in the vicinity of the critical layer. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Comparison of extraction techniques for the isolation of explosives and their degradation products from soil

A comparison of four extraction techniques used for the isolation of 14 explosive compounds (Method 8330-Explosives) from spiked soil samples is described. Soxhlet warm extraction (SWE), pressurized solvent extraction (PSE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) were included. The effects of basic extraction conditions – i.e. type of extraction solvent, temperature, pressure, and extraction time – were investigated. The best extraction recovery of the monitored compounds from spiked soil was obtained using pressurized solvent extraction. Recoveries of explosives using the PSE technique were in the range from 65 to 112%. Extraction recoveries by Soxhlet warm extraction and supercritical fluid extraction reached 65–99% and 52–75%, respectively. The lowest extraction recoveries (28–65%) were obtained using microwave assisted extraction. A very low extraction recovery for tetryl was observed in all cases but the best results were achieved by pressurized solvent extraction (58%).     

Nonparallel stability of the flow in an axially rotating pipe

The linear stability of the developing flow in an axially rotating pipe is analyzed using parabolized stability equations (PSE). The results are compared with those obtained from a near-parallel stability approximation that only takes into account the axial variation of the basic flow. Though the PSE results obviously coincide with the near-parallel ones far downstream, when the flow has reached a Hagen-Poiseuille axial velocity profile with superimposed solid-body rotation, they differ significantly in the developing region. Therefore, the onset of instability strongly depends on the axial evolution of the perturbations. The PSE results are also compared with experimental data from Imao et al. [Exp. Fluids 12 (1992) 277], showing a good agreement in the frequencies and wavelengths of the unstable disturbances, that take the form of spiral waves. Finally, a simple method for detecting one of the conditions to characterize the onset of absolute instability using PSE is given.     

Structural and electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes adsorbed with 1-pyrenebutanoic acid, succinimidyl ester

The adsorption of a 1-pyrenebutanoic acid, succinimidyl ester (PSE) interacting with metallic armchair (n, n) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (n= 3-13) was investigated by using a density-functional tight-binding method with an empirical van der Waals force correction. In this study of large systems involving weak interactions, our calculations showed that the pyrene ring of PSE could be spontaneously absorbed onto the CNTs surface through π-π stacking at the physisorption distances. Increasing of the CNTs diameter leads to a higher adsorption energy. After adsorption of PSE on its sidewall, the geometric and electronic structures of CNTs are basically undamaged. CNTs contribute to the main peak of the electron excitation procedure in the UV/vis spectrum, with a slight red shift after adsorption of PSE.     

Applications of parabolized stability equation for predicting transition position in boundary layers

The phenomenon of laminar-turbulent transition exists universally in nature and various engineering practice.The prediction of transition position is one of crucial theories and practical problems in fluid mechanics due to the different characteristics of laminar flow and turbulent flow.Two types of disturbances are imposed at the entrance,i.e.,identical amplitude and wavepacket disturbances,along the spanwise direction in the incompressible boundary layers.The disturbances of identical amplitude are consisted of one two-dimensional(2D) wave and two three-dimensional(3D) waves.The parabolized stability equation(PSE) is used to research the evolution of disturbances and to predict the transition position.The results are compared with those obtained by the numerical simulation.The results show that the PSE method can investigate the evolution of disturbances and predict the transition position.At the same time,the calculation speed is much faster than that of the numerical simulation.     

PSE猪肉的成因及VE对其控制技术

PSE猪肉表现为肉色苍白、质地松软和表面有汁液渗出等而不被消费者接受,降低了猪肉的食用价值和经济价值。本文从品种、饲养管理、养殖环境、营养、应激、屠宰与加工等因素阐述了PSE猪肉的发生原因以及发生机制,并根据VE的理化特性及抗氧化功能,探讨了VE在控制PSE肉产生方面的作用。     

阜新市经济发展脆弱性的动态演变与关联分析

为了揭示矿业城市经济发展的内在规律,通过界定其脆弱性概念,构建脆弱性评价模型,结合1990-2006年期间数据进行脆弱性评价,并采用SPSS统计软件分析其主导影响因子。结果表明:脆弱性伴随城市发展阶段的演进而呈下降趋势,且表现出明显的阶段性特征;压力和弹性对阜新市经济发展脆弱性程度作用更为明显;脆弱性很大程度上取决于人均GDP、人均社会商品零售总额、资源化产业系数、人均地方财政支出以及国有化产业系数,据此提出经济可持续发展对策与建议。对阜新经济转型具有一定的参考价值和指导意义。     

Dramatic effect of PSE clamping on the behaviour of d-glucal under Ferrier I conditions

Clamped by the acid-resistant phenylsulfonylethylidene (PSE) acetal, d-glucal privileged the additive pathway over the Ferrier I rearrangement when confronted with protic nucleophiles.