Direct visualization of the nanoscopic three‐phase structure and stiffness of NBR/PVC blends by AFM nanomechanical mapping

The PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping based on atomic force microscope (AFM) is employed to first visualize and then quantify the elastic properties of a model nitrile rubber/poly(vinyl chloride) (NBR/PVC) blend at the nanoscale. This method allows us to consistently observe the changes in mechanical properties of each phase in polymer blends. Beyond measuring and discriminating elastic modulus and adhesion forces of each phase, we tune the AFM tips and the peak force parameters in order to reliably image samples. In view of viscoelastic difference in each phase, a three‐phase coexistence of an unmixed NBR phase, the mixed phase, and PVC microcrystallites is directly visualized in NBR/PVC blends. The nanomechanical investigation is also capable of recognizing the crosslinked rubber phase in cured rubber. The contribution of the mixed phase was quantified and it was found that the mechanical properties of blends are mainly determined by the homogeneity and stiffness of the mixed phase. This study furthers our understanding the structure–mechanical property relationship of thermoplastic elastomers, which is important for their potential design and applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019 , 57, 662–669     

聚氯乙烯—丁腈橡胶—氯丁橡胶三元共混物的研究

测定了聚氯乙烯（ＰＶＣ）－丁脯橡胶（ＮＢＲ－２９）－氯丁橡胶（ＣＲ）三元共混物的冲击性能和应力－应变行为，用动态力分析、扫描电和透射电镜研究了共混物的相容性和形态结构。结果表明，ＮＢＲ－２９对ＰＶＣ，ＣＲ有良好的增容作用，三元共混物是部分相容的二相体系，具有良好的抗冲击性能。     

Dual-Phase structure of polymer electrolytes comprised of NBR/SBR latex films swollen with lithium salt solution

Dual-phase polymer electrolytes (DPE) that have high ionic conductivity (> 10^?3 S/cm) and good mechanical strength were prepared by mixing NBR and SBR latices and casting films. The latex films absorbed large quantities of lithium salt solution (e.g., 1M lithium perchlorate in γ-butyrolactone) to obtain DPE films but did not dissolve with swelling. The NBR phase is polar and was impregnated selectively with the polar lithium salt solution, whereas the SBR phase is nonpolar and formed a mechanically-supportive matrix. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM), electron energy loss spectral (EELS), and energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) analyses showed microscopically the dual-phase structure. Evidence for swelling by lithium salt solution was found only in the NBR phase and not in the SBR phase by EDX microanalysis. Ionic conductivity as a function of NBR content or swelling degree showed clearly that a percolation threshold for ionic conductivity exists. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

聚氯乙烯－丁腈橡胶复合弹性体电缆料的研究

以耐油型聚氯乙烯绝缘料、护套料为基料，以丁腈橡胶－２６为改性料，分别将改性料以不同的混合比例混入基料中，在不同的工艺条件下压制出经过改性的电缆料试样，并对其进行电气绝缘性能与机械物理性能测试．经过正交对比试验，提出了适用于弹性体电缆料的合理配方及工艺，并对该弹性体在其它领域内的应用提出建设性意见．     

Anisotropic studies of multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-filled natural rubber (NR) and nitrile rubber (NBR) blends

50/50 NR/NBR blends with various MWCNT loadings were prepared by mixing with MWCNT/NR masterbatches on a two-roll mill and sheeted off at the smallest nip gap. Then, the effect of milling direction, machine direction (MD) and transverse direction (TD), on the mechanical and electrical properties of the blends was elucidated. Dichroic ratio and SEM results confirmed that most of the MWCNTs were aligned along MD when MWCNT was less than 4 phr, and the number of agglomerates increased when MWCNT was more than 4 phr. Additionally, anisotropic properties were clearly observed when 4 phr MWCNT was loaded. At 4 phr MWCNT, 100% modulus and tensile strength in the MD were about 1.5 and 1.3 times higher than those in the TD, respectively. Moreover, electrical conductivity in the MD was superior to that in the TD by about 3 orders of magnitude. Results from dynamic mechanical tests also showed that the maximum tan δ in the MD sample was lower than that in the corresponding TD sample. In addition, the storage modulus at 30 °C for the MD sample containing 4 phr MWCNT was 1.15 higher than that of the corresponding TD sample. This stronger reinforcement efficiency resulted from the combination of the greater alignment and dispersion of most MWCNTs in the MD sample.     

原位反应法制备丙烯酸钐/丁腈橡胶复合材料及其荧光性能研究

通过两种不同的原位反应制备了丙烯酸钐/丁腈橡胶[Sm(AA)₃/NBR]复合材料.SEM和TEM结果表明,原位反应使稀土配合物的粒径减小,且均匀地分散在基体聚合物中.荧光分析表明,以260nm作为激发波长时,两种复合材料在379nm(⁴D_1/2,⁶P_7/2→⁶H_5/2)和418nm(⁴L_15/2,⁴G_1/2→⁶H_5/2)处出现了与自由离子基本相同的发射峰(374和390nm),属于受配体微扰的中心离子发光.原位反应制备的复合材料在不同激发波长下的荧光强度均比非原位反应体系的荧光强度高.随着稀土含量的增加,其荧光强度增加,至稀土质量分数为30%时出现荧光猝灭.     

受阻酚AO-80/丁腈橡胶复合材料的压力-体积-温度关系研究

 研究制备了具有高阻尼性能的受阻酚AO-80/丁腈橡胶复合材料样品,采用动态粘弹性测试得到了损耗因子tan δ与温度T的关系曲线。分析表明,随着受阻酚含量的增加,tan δ峰的位置向高温方向移动,tan δ峰的峰值也逐渐提高;利用pvT高压膨胀计对样品进行了测试,采用Tait方程研究了其压力-体积-温度（pvT）性能,对此计算出Tait方程中的相应参数。结果表明,由Tait方程计算所得的pvT理论关系与定性实验结果一致,具有较好的规律性,即对AO-80/丁腈橡胶复合体系b₁值随AO-80量的增加而逐渐降低,AO-80量越大,该体系T_g时的绝对比容越小;b₂随AO-80量的增加而逐渐增大,AO-80量越大,该体系随温度膨胀越显著;b₃、b₄均为常数,即B为常数,复合材料的比容只与压力存在一定关联;同时用Tait方程计算所得的值与实验值的平均残差均小于0.02,吻合度较好;结果表明,Tait方程可以较好地描述该体系的pvT关系,为定量研究阻尼材料的pvT性能提供了理论指导。     

A Closed‐Loop Control Strategy for Producing Nitrile Rubber of Uniform Chemical Composition in a Semibatch Reactor: A Simulation Study

To improve the quality of industrial nitrile rubbers, the copolymer chemical composition, p_A(t), should ideally be kept constant along the reaction. This work proposes a closed‐loop control strategy for the semibatch operation of the reactor with the aim of regulating p_A(t) within a reduced range of variability. The proposed strategy is evaluated by simulating a mathematical model of the process. To this effect, a simplified mathematical model of the reaction is first derived and then utilized to obtain a suboptimal control law and a soft‐sensor that estimates the polymerization rates. The suboptimal control law is compensated by adding a term proportional to errors in p_A(t). The simulated example considers the production of the low‐composition AJLT grade, with the copolymerization reaction represented by a detailed mathematical model adjusted to an industrial plant. Due to the high performance of the soft‐sensor, the simulation results suggest that the proposed closed‐loop strategy is efficient to adequately regulate p_A(t) in spite of structural and parametric uncertainties, while other quality variables remained practically unaffected.     

Shape memory properties of dynamically vulcanized poly(lactic acid)/nitrile butadiene rubber (PLA/NBR) thermoplastic vulcanizates: The effect of ACN content in NBR

Morphology structure and interfacial interaction are crucial factors for shape memory thermoplastic vulcanizates. In this study, shape memory thermoplastic vulcanizates based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) were prepared through dynamic vulcanization. The influence of acrylonitrile (ACN) content on the morphology, compatibility, shape memory property, and mechanical property was investigated. A co‐continuous structure was observed. The interfacial compatibilization between PLA and NBR phases occurred, resulting in a significantly improved interface adhesion and interfacial interaction, which was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. With such a novel structure, the PLA/NBR TPVs owned an excellent shape memory property and further improved with increasing ACN content of NBR, which could be explained that the cross‐linked continuous NBR phase provided a stronger recovery driving force. In the meantime, tensile strength and elongation at break of TPVs increased with increase in ACN content. It is concluded that the preparation of dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic vulcanizate with co‐continuous structure and strong interfacial adhesion is beneficial to obtain outstanding shape memory effect.     

血透患者微量元素营养状况初步探讨

对门诊维持性血透肾衰患者进行了膳食营养调查。结果表明：（1）在临床检查中发现,血透肾衰患者面黄肌瘦,面色苍白,浮肿,疲劳;体质虚弱,四肢无力;精神不振,具有明显的营养不良的临床表现。（2）在膳食调查中发现,每人每日营养素摄入量为蛋白质41．54mg,热量5288kJ,钙104mg、铁4．86mg和锌8．86mg、硒35μg、铜2．28mg、锰2．86mg、镁76．50mg、磷448mg、钾752mg和钠1385．4mg;视黄醇当量368μg、vitarmin B10.58mg、vitamin B20.39mg、vitarnin C51mg、vitaminPP12.60mg和vitaminE0.38mg。提示血透肾衰患者蛋白质－热量营养不良,K、Na过量,而Ca、Mg、P等宏量元素和Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn、Se等微量元素和RE、vitamin B1、vitamin B2、vitamin C均未达到RDA要求。原因是主食营养不平衡。因此,建议对血透肾衰患者进食主食营养平衡米（NBR）和制订平衡食谱,开展透析日营养治疗和病人家庭营养治疗。改善血透肾衰患者微量元素营养状况。