GCC box in<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis PDF1.2</Emphasis> promoter is an essential and sufficient cis-acting element in response to MeJA treatment

The expression of Arabidopsis PDF1.2 gene isregulated by jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET). It also has been well documented that GCC box is an element responsive to ET, however, the responsive mechanism of JA in such plant defense gene expression is unclear. In this paper, the authors define the essential cis-acting element in PDF1.2 promoter responsive to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) through fragment deletions and site-directed mutageneses combiningAgrobacterium-mediated transient reporter gene expression in tobacco leaves. Firstly, the MeJA inducible expression o fPDF1.2 was confirmed by using the upstream -1.86 kb fragment of PDFI.2 gene. Secondly, the upstream -300— -243 bp fragment of the promoter was evidenced to respond to MeJA. To further characterize this promoter region, three point mutations were introduced into the -300— -243 bp fragment of the promoter. This result showed that the mutation of GCC box abolished MeJA induction, whereas the mutations of the G box-like and the imperfect palindrome sequence did not significantly decrease MeJA inducible effect, indicating that GCC box in PDFI.2 is essential for MeJA induction. The sufficient responsiveness to MeJA of this GCC box was further investigated by 4xGCC fused upstream to the CaMV 35S minimal promoter. This result suggested that the fused promoter was able to activate reporter gene expression in response to MeJA. Thus these results indicate that the GCC box in PDFI.2 is an essential and sufficient element to confer MeJA induction.     

The effect of methyl jasmonate and light irradiation treatments on the stilbenoid biosynthetic pathway in Vitis vinifera cell suspension cultures

Grape stilbenes are a well-known family of plant polyphenolics that have been confirmed to have many biological activities in relation to health benefits. In the present study, we investigated the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicitor at four different concentrations (25, 50, 100 and 200 μM) in combination or not with high-level light irradiation (10,000 LUX) on a cell line obtained from the pulp of Vitis vinifera cv. Shahani. Our results showed that the stilbene synthesis pathway is inhibited by high-light conditions. A concentration of 50 μM MeJA was optimum for efficient production and high accumulation of total phenolics and total flavonoids as well as total stilbenoids. Furthermore, we showed that there is a significant negative correlation between the production of these metabolites and cell growth. These data provide valuable information for the future scale-up of cell cultures for the production of these very high value compounds in bioreactor system.     

Use of grapevine cell cultures for the production of phytostilbenes of cosmetic interest

Plant cell cultures constitute pesticide-free sources for obtaining plant secondary metabolites or plant extracts. Additionally, they do not contain any fungal contaminants, mycotoxins or heavy metals providing to the consumer potential health benefits and justifying the development of this technology at an industrial scale. Significant production levels of these secondary metabolites can be obtained through the use of elicitors, which activate plant defense mechanisms. Resveratrol, a well-known grapevine polyphenolic compound which possesses potent antioxidant and antiaging activities as well as a protective action on skin, is a good example of such plant secondary metabolites. Resveratrol and its oligomeric derivatives are used by several companies of cosmetic products but their extraction from vine stems and similar vegetal sources remains difficult. Therefore grapevine cell suspensions could represent interesting systems for the large-scale bioproduction of those compounds. Here we present an update of the methods used for the production of phytostilbenes by using grapevine cell cultures and the results obtained.     

Cerium-Promoted Ginsenosides Accumulation by Regulating Endogenous Methyl Jasmonate Biosynthesis in Hairy Roots of Panax ginseng

Among rare earth elements, cerium has the unique ability of regulating the growth of plant cells and the biosynthesis of metabolites at different stages of plant development. The signal pathways of Ce³⁺-mediated ginsenosides biosynthesis in ginseng hairy roots were investigated. At a low concentration, Ce³⁺ improved the elongation and biomass of hairy roots. The Ce³⁺-induced accumulation of ginsenosides showed a high correlation with the reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as the biosynthesis of endogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ginsenoside key enzyme genes (PgSS, PgSE and PgDDS). At a Ce³⁺ concentration of 20 mg L⁻¹, the total ginsenoside content was 1.7-fold, and the total ginsenosides yield was 2.7-fold that of the control. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the ROS production rate were significantly higher than those of the control. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly activated within the Ce³⁺ concentration range of 10 to 30 mg L⁻¹. The activity of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) strengthened with the increasing concentration of Ce³⁺ in the range of 20–40 mg L⁻¹. The Ce³⁺ exposure induced transient production of superoxide anion (O₂^•−) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Together with the increase in the intracellular MeJA level and enzyme activity for lipoxygenase (LOX), there was an increase in the gene expression level of MeJA biosynthesis including PgLOX, PgAOS and PgJMT. Our results also revealed that Ce³⁺ did not directly influence PgSS, PgSE and PgDDS activity. We speculated that Ce³⁺-induced ROS production could enhance the accumulation of ginsenosides in ginseng hairy roots via the direct stimulation of enzyme genes for MeJA biosynthesis. This study demonstrates a potential approach for understanding and improving ginsenoside biosynthesis that is regulated by Ce³⁺-mediated signal transduction.     

Electrochemical behavior and the determination of methyl jasmonate

In this work, the electrochemical behavior of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on a glassy carbon electrode was investigated in 0.1 mol/L H₂SO₄ by voltammetry. MeJA exhibited enhanced oxidation behavior in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The electrochemical reaction of MeJA on the electrode was carried out with SDS micelles to improve the solubility of MeJA by hydrophobic interaction. Consequently, the oxidation peak current was sensitively enhanced. The effect of experimental parameters on the oxidative peak current was investigated including the surfactant concentration, supporting electrolyte, accumulation potential and time, and scan rate.     

茉莉酸甲酯对杜氏盐藻β-胡萝卜素含量的影响

研究甲基茉莉酸(MeJA)对杜氏盐藻生长、β-胡萝卜素含量及叶绿素含量的影响.在盐藻生长基本培养基中分别添加0μmol.L-1、50μmol.L-1、100μmol.L-1、200μmol.L-1、500μmol.L-1、1 000μmol.L-1和2 000μmol.L-1 MeJA,每隔2 d取样,测定盐藻细胞生长、β-胡萝卜素含量及叶绿素含量.研究结果表明:低MeJA浓度(50~500μmol.L-1)对盐藻的生长无显著的影响,高MeJA浓度(1000~2000μmol.L-1)对盐藻的生长有显著的抑制作用.盐藻β-胡萝卜素及叶绿素含量随着MeJA浓度的升高,呈现先升高后降低的趋势,100μmol.L-1 MeJA处理盐藻时其β-胡萝卜素含量最高,200μmol.L-1 MeJA处理盐藻时其叶绿素含量最高.方差分析结果表明:MeJA对盐藻的生长、类胡萝卜素及叶绿素含量有极显著影响(P0.01),MeJA是诱导盐藻次生代谢产物积累的一个有效的诱导因子.     

绿色杜氏藻GGR基因生物信息学分析及表达研究

采用Illumina HiSeqTM 2000高通量测序方法获得绿色杜氏藻GGR基因(GenBank序号: KX100480) cDNA全长序列, 研究了甲基茉莉酸(MeJA)对绿色杜氏藻GGR基因表达的影响. 测序结果表明, 绿色杜氏藻GGR基因cDNA全长2356bp, 开放阅读框1539bp, 编码512个氨基酸, 分子量为52.2961kDa, 理论等电点为6.54. 序列分析结果表明, 该蛋白具有保守的ChlP结构域, 为可溶性蛋白, 具有跨膜区域, 无信号肽. TargetP 1.1 Server预测结果表明, 该蛋白可能定位于线粒体. 系统进化树结果表明, 绿色杜氏藻GGR蛋白较其他植物的GGR蛋白亲缘关系较 远. RT-PCR结果表明, 100?mol·L-1 MeJA可显著地提升绿色杜氏藻GGR基因的表达(P<0.01). 同时, 绿色杜氏藻叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量达到最高, 说明GGR基因与绿色杜氏藻叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的合成存在一定关系     

三种熏蒸剂对杨梅果实采后品质的影响

以荸荠种杨梅(Myrica Sieb.et Zuce)为试材,采用不同浓度的臭氧(O3)、二氧化氯(ClO2)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对杨梅气熏处理,并在4±1℃冷藏。实验结果表明臭氧、二氧化氯、茉莉酸甲酯处理对杨梅果实的腐烂率、呼吸强度、总酸及总糖含量都有影响,经10mg/kg臭氧、15mg/kg二氧化氯和10μmol/L MeJA处理的杨梅,比对照组的腐烂率下降50%,40%,35%;呼吸强度下降15.6%,14.5%,13.4%;总酸和总糖也分别下降0.27%,0.37%,0.354%和2.03%,2.19%,2.26%,显著降低了杨梅腐烂率,有效控制了果实的呼吸强度,延缓了总酸、总糖的降解。尤以10mg/kg的臭氧气熏处理效果最佳。