Critical slope gradient for compulsory abandonment of farmland on the hilly Loess Plateau

Scientific evidence for the upper limit of farmland is proposed. Shallow gully erosion is one of erosion types distributed extensively on sloping farmland in the hilly regions of the Loess Plateau. Field observation and aerial photos interpretation, as well as laboratory experiments show that the shallow gully erosion occurring on the steeper farmland in the hilly regions of the Loess Plateau is an important factor leading to intensive erosion on slope, because of its extensive distribution and intensive runoff collection. The data on the formation, development and distribution of shallow gullies on sloping farmland indicate that critical slope gradient for shallow gully initiation ranges from 15 to 20 degrees with an average of 18.2 degrees. Therefore, it is suggested that critical slope gradient for compulsory abandonment of farmland on the hilly Loess Plateau should be kept within the critical slope gradient for shallow gully initiation to prevent shallow gully formation in order to control soil loss more effectively. But as the first step, the cultivation on the slopes with slope larger than 25 degrees where the maximum erosion occurs should be strictly forbidden.     

基于GIS的陇中黄土高原潜在生态环境评价研究

利用Arc／Info提供的主成分分析方法对陇中黄土高原潜在生态环境进行评价．首先选取对潜在生态环境影响较大的指标构建数字生态环境模型，然后对二级指标体系进行主成分分析，获得一级指标指数，最后对一级指标体系进行主成分分析，获得潜在生态环境评价指数．主要目的在于提供一种生态环境评价方法．     

黄土高原的VA菌根真菌(VI)─—摩西球囊霉、缩球囊霉及细凹面无梗囊霉

文中报道了产于黄土高原的三个新记录种：缩球囊霉在山地及农田土壤中均有出现，频度高，丰度较小。摩西球囊霉仅出现于农田土壤中，频度较高，丰度中等。细凹面无梗囊霉只出现于一个土样中，频度极低，丰度较小     

黄土高原植被建设应从扩大面积向提升质量转变

 自1999年退耕还林还草政策实施以来,黄土高原的植被覆盖显著增加,有效遏制了该区水土流失。目前黄土高原的植被净初级生产力已经接近该区水资源承载力阈值,进一步扩大该区植被建设面积将不可避免地加剧水资源短缺等问题。为进一步巩固退耕还林成果,黄土高原未来的植被建设应从扩大面积向提升质量转变。     

黄土高原地区产业关联分析

以1985年经济统计资料为依据,分别作出黄土高原地区2000年11×11阶投入产出矩阵,直接消耗系数矩阵,以及相应的里昂节夫逆矩阵.在此基础上分析了2000年黄土高原地区的工业结构、生产波及效果和生产诱发潜力,总结出确定黄土高原工业部门权重的若干原则.     

黄土高原中部草地群落初级生产

在各类草地群落初级生产基础上,综合对比分析了黄土高原中部草地群落初级生产,主要表现在以下方面：草地群落初级生产及其与水热条件的关系;净生产量的季节变化;同化器官与非同化器官初级生产的数量关系;不同等级牧草的数量关系;地下初级生产变化与建群种物候关系等方面。     

干密度对黄土强度及其切线模量的影响

针对黄土土样进行了不同干密度条件下的室内静三轴试验研究,并用Duncan—Chang模型分析了实验结果,讨论了黄土的强度及其切线变彤模量与十密度的内在联系。结果表明：在其他条件相同时,黄土的粘聚力、内摩擦角及抗剪强度均随千密度的增大均呈增大趋势,且在干密度较大时表现为略微的应变软化,干密度较小时表现为应变硬化;黄上的切线变形模量随干密度的降低而减小,随应变的增加而减小,当轴向应变达到0．03左右时,切线变形模量几乎减小到零。     

Secondary succession and its effects on soil moisture and nutrition in abandoned old-fields of hilly region of Loess Plateau, China

Floristic composition, community structure and soil moisture and nutrient contents in abandoned fields of different ages were analyzed to clarify the regenerative aspects of succession as a tool for vegetation restoration. The results indicated that secondary succession in this region can be interpreted as an auto-succession: there are main changes in species-relative abundance and species turnover. Annual or biennial species (e.g. Artemisia scoparia), acted as pioneers and strongly dominated the early stages. Then, they underwent a progressive decline, while forbs (e.g. Artemisia sacrorum) and grasses (e.g. Xanthium sibiricum) had their peak abundance at intermediate stages. Dwarf shrubs (e.g. Lespedeza dahurica) and short rhizome grass (e.g. Bothriochloa ischaemum) appeared at mid-succession stage and gradually increased in abundance during succession, becoming dominant at late stages. The first axis of detrended correspondence canonical analysis arranged the sites according to their fallow time, indicating a successional sere. The second axis, associated with diverging pathways of regeneration, correlated with topographic factors and soil moisture and nutrition. Structural divergence between plots increased as succession went on, attained the highest at the mid-succession stage, decreased at the late stage.

Soil moisture and available phosphorus content decreased steadily with field age after their abandonment, whereas pools of organic matter, total and available nitrogen, potassium and total phosphorus increased with field age. The pace and direction of recovery of native vegetation and natural soil properties in these abandoned fields resembled classic old-field succession, which is a form of secondary succession that often serves as a template for guiding restoration efforts. Interface between the abandoned field soil and plant system was crucial to the above process. Our current study supported the generally accepted hypothesis in the succession literature.     

甘肃引洮供水工程饱和黄土隧洞施工方法选择的工程地质研究

甘肃引洮供水一期工程总干渠13#、14#、15#隧洞围岩为al-lQ2饱和黄土,地下水位高于洞顶4³7m,饱和度一般在98%¹00%,水稳性很差。因此,该段隧洞施工方法的选择十分重要,从工程地质角度研究其工程特性,采用D rucker-Prager弹塑性模型、关联流动法则,模拟了传统钻爆法开挖时隧洞稳定性,计算表明,若采用钻爆法,由于围岩的岩性软弱,隧洞开挖后,在隧洞周围较大范围内存在应力降低区,隧洞位移十分迅速而且位移量非常大,洞顶下降发生塌方并引起地面沉降。从盾构法施工对地质条件的适应性分析,其施工风险相对较小,施工过程中可利用护盾很快封闭围岩,因此该段隧洞宜采用盾构法施工。     

西北旱田黄土对Pb(Ⅱ)和氯吡硫磷复合污染的共吸附机制研究

通过静态批次实验研究旱田黄土对Pb(Ⅱ)和氯吡硫磷的共吸附行为,使用SEM,FTIR,XRD和理论分析揭示共吸附机制。实验结果发现:黄土对Pb(Ⅱ)和氯吡硫磷的共吸附符合Langmuir等温线方程,经计算得出的理论吸附容量qm分别为12.5和0.64mg.g-1,准二级动力学方程能更好地描述反应行为。吸附反应后,黄土表面形貌变化很小,FTIR图谱中的某些波峰红移、消失或强度减弱,综合XRD图谱及理论分析,认为:旱田黄土对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附为表面配位络合和范德华力的作用,以化学吸附为主;而氯吡硫磷的去除涉及到黄土有机质对氯吡硫磷大分子的截留作用,以及氢键、范德华力的作用,以物理吸附为主,兼有化学吸附的贡献。旱田黄土有机质对Pb(Ⅱ)和氯吡硫磷的吸附有重要贡献。