Constructing Space for Science at the Royal Institution of Great Britain

Those who have worked in the Royal Institution of Great Britain have, since its foundation in 1799, made significant contributions to scientific knowledge, to its practical application, and to its communication to a wide variety of audiences. Such work cannot be carried out in an architectural vacuum, and in this paper we examine how the buildings of the Royal Institution, 20 and 21 Albemarle Street in central London, have shaped the work undertaken within its walls and how, on a number of occasions, the buildings have been reconfigured to take account of the evolving needs of scientific research and communication. This paper is based on the Conservation Plan of the Royal Institution that we wrote during 2003. The Conservation Plan did not examine the land owned by the Royal Institution to the north (i.e., 22 and 23 Albemarle Street; for this area see Richard Garnier, “Grafton Street, Mayfair,” Georgian Group Journal 13 (2003), 210–272), but it did discuss 18 and 19 Albemarle Street. In this paper we concentrate on the core Royal Institution buildings at 20 and 21 Albemarle Street. Other studies of the relationship of architecture,space, and science include Crosbie Smith and Jon Agar, ed., Making Space for Science: Territorial Themes in the Shaping of Knowledge (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997); Peter Galison and Emily Thompson, ed., The Architecture of Science (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999); and Sophie Forgan,“The architecture of science and the idea of a university,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 20 (1989), 405–434. Frank A.J.L. James is Professor of the History of Science at the Royal Institution; he has written widely on the history of nineteenth-century science in its social and cultural contexts and is editor of the Correspondence of Michael Faraday. He is President of the British Society for the History of Science. Anthony Peers is an Associate of Rodney Melville and Partners where he works in the field of building conservation as an architectural historian. He is a Council member of the Ancient Monument Society.     

相同的文学主题,不同的艺术表现--谈郁达夫与劳伦斯对性行为和性心理活动的描写

露骨的性描写和性心理活动的刻画是郁这夫和劳伦斯作品中突出的相同的艺术主题。然而,在他们表面相似 的性爱描写的背后,实际上隐藏着彼此不同的文化内涵,体现出他们之间的差异性。     

劳伦斯贾平凹作品中的情爱叙事比较

情爱作为人之自然属性一直是文学作品关注的主题之一。由于教育和宗教信仰等因素的影响,中西方文化对情爱中的性爱都表现了强大的厌恶感和羞耻心。劳伦斯和贾平凹挑战了世俗对于情爱的传统偏见,他们的作品从情爱与婚姻、两性关系以及情爱与政治等不同层面反映了情爱的自然性、纯洁性和正直性。虽然劳伦斯和贾平凹接受不同时代不同社会文化的熏陶,他们的婚姻观、人生观和世界观的差异使他们对情爱之价值的认识和期望值不同,但他们对情爱理想的追求、对情爱的态度是一致的。他们都将情爱作为透视社会的武器,都追求灵与肉之和谐统一的情爱关系。     

A Conversation with William A. Fowler – Part I

Nobel laureate William A. Fowler recalls his early education in physics; his part in the history of nuclear physics at the California Institute of Technology in the 1930s; parallel efforts elsewhere, particularly at Berkeley and the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism in Washington,D.C.; his contacts with J. Robert Oppenheimer; and his work with Charles C. Lauritsen and Tommy Lauritsen before and after World War II.John Greenberg received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Wisconsin and was Caltech research fellow in history from 1980–1984. The Editors were saddened to learn that he died while this interview was in press. Requests for reprints may be directed to Judith R. Goodstein, Institute Archives 015A-74, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA; e-mail: jrg@caltech.edu.     

东、西方两位“另类”作家——曹禺和劳伦斯人生哲学观之比较

在文学史上，中国大作家曹禺和世界大文豪劳伦斯被一些人认为是两位“另类”的作家。他们归属于完全不同的文学阵营，而且文学追求、创作方向等也相去甚远。一直以来，很少有人关注他们之间诸多的可比性。而排除一切主观偏见与干扰对他们进行深度审视时，便会发现他们人生哲学观之间的一些内在关联及其悲剧意识上的超越性。     

论《虹》隐含的社会和谐观

D.H劳伦斯是英国文学史上乃至世界文学史上最有影响力也备受争议的作家之一,其代表作《虹》也是世界文学经典之一。这部巨著不仅从时间上横跨三代人的历史和生活,也从深度上对现今构建和谐社会有一定的启发意义——即通过探索人与人和谐关系及人与自然和谐关系来达到整个社会的和谐发展。     

Simultaneous determination of soluble manganese(III), manganese(II) and total manganese in natural (pore)waters

A new spectrophotometric protocol was developed for the simultaneous determination of soluble Mn(III), Mn(II) and total Mn [sum of soluble Mn(III) and Mn(II)] in sediment porewaters using a water soluble meso-substituted porphyrin [α,β,γ,δ-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine (T(4-CP)P)]. A simple kinetic rate model is used to quantify soluble Mn(II), Mn(III) and total Mn concentrations during a metal substitution reaction. Under optimized conditions, the method accurately determines soluble Mn(II) and Mn(III) within a concentration range of 100 nM-10 μM. The detection limit of total soluble Mn is 50 nM. Using this method, soluble Mn(II) and Mn(III) concentrations were determined in standard solutions within 0.4-2% of the known values and agreed closely with results of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric and voltammetric analyses. The procedure was successfully applied to determine soluble Mn(II), Mn(III) and total Mn in sediment porewaters of the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary. Mn(III) represented up to 85% of the total soluble Mn pool in surface sediments.     

浅析D.H.劳伦斯的自然观

作为一位才华横溢,却又饱受非议的作家,英国作家D.H.劳伦斯为世界文坛留下了诸多不朽之作。从他生活的历史时代———19世纪末到20世纪早期,即英国工业文明高度发展的一个时期,机器文明在彻底改变人类的社会生活与精神生活的同时,也给人类的自然天性施加了诸多压力并带来了很多始料未及的负面影响。在这种时代背景之下,劳伦斯在其作品中表达了他对自然的强烈热爱及其深刻的生态自然哲思。     

Estimating whale density from their whistling activity: Example with St. Lawrence beluga

A passive acoustic method is developed to estimate whale density from their calling activity in a monitored area. The algorithm is applied to a loquacious species, the white whale (Delphinapterus leucas), in Saguenay fjord mouth near Tadoussac, Canada, which is severely affected by shipping noise. Beluga calls were recorded from cabled coastal hydrophones deployed in the basin while the animal density was estimated visually from systematic observations from a fixed-point on the shore. Beluga calling activity was estimated from an algorithm extracting the call events in time-frequency space, while simultaneously tracking the masking intensity resulting from local shipping noise. The activity index was summarized in 15- and 30-min bins using four different metrics. For bins containing more than 40% of valid data, the metrics were compared to the corresponding visual observations. The estimated mean acoustic detection range generally exceeded the fjord width, and extended to the whole ∼3-km long monitored area under low-noise conditions. The significant linear relations of the visual estimates with the calling activity metrics allowed assessing expected number of visually detected belugas in the basin from a weighted regression model, with a mean standard error of 7.1%.     

权力编织的牢笼——劳伦斯小说作品中的身体叙述

学界普遍认为D.H.劳伦斯是一位极力否定外部权力而崇尚身体内部力量的作家。然而,在其小说作品中,劳伦斯犹如一位一丝不苟的摄影师,不遗余力地抓拍权力在人的身体上留下的蛛丝马迹,展现了其对身体巨大的规训和铭记力量。在身体对权力的叙述过程中,劳伦斯的悲剧意识显现无遗：身体在世时始终逃脱不了权力编织的牢笼,只有通过死亡,身体才能完成凤凰涅槃式的飞升,最终到达＂耶路撒冷＂—自由和美的王国。