Quadratic distances for capacity and bi-capacity approximation and identification

The application of multi-attribute utility theory based on the Choquet integral requires the prior identification of a capacity if the utility scale is unipolar, or of a bi-capacity if the utility scale is bipolar. In order to implement a minimum distance principle for capacity or bi-capacity approximation or identification, quadratic distances between capacities and bi-capacities are studied. The proposed approach, consisting in solving a strictly convex quadratic program, has been implemented within the GNU R kappalab package for capacity and nonadditive integral manipulation. Its application is illustrated on two examples.      

Design of high-capacity,reversible polymeric adsorbents for acidic gases

Polyethyleneimine (PEIM) samples crosslinked by a commercial epoxy resin (Epon 828) were prepared, and their adsorption capacity for acidic gases was studied. The swelling and deswelling characteristics of the crosslinked samples were also examined as part of this program. Reactivation of these adsorbents could be carried out by heat, or by a combination of heat and treatment in dilute alkalies.     

Capacity factors and peak widths in the gradient elution reversed phase separation of high molar mass polystyrenes

Summary A simplex method for determining the constantsS andk _o from the equation lnk’=lnk _o−S ϕ (was developed and applied to the reversed phase separation of high molar mass polystyrenes using gradients of any curvature. Experimental retention times described using the equation had a standard deviation of 1.1%. The inclusion of a quadratic term in the equation was found to be unwarranted. BothS and lnk _o varied linearly with ln molar mass. The logarithm of peak width of an eluting polystyrene peak was found to be a linear function of the mobile phase composition at elution. The slope was equal toS.     

Erosion of efficiency in non-uniform linear chromatography

In linear chromatography (i.e. chromatography performed in the absence of sample overloading), when the plate height of a column is roughly uniform along its length, variations in the velocities of solutes are the only possible causes of erosion of efficiency. The sources of these variations (variations in capacity ratio and in the density of the mobile phase, etc.) play no direct role in the erosion of efficiency except through their effect on solute velocities. In other words, what eventually causes the erosion of efficiency is merely variation in the time required for solutes to traverse equally small segments of a column. Significant erosion can only arise from abrupt and deep deceleration of solutes in one or several relatively small segments of a column. If erosion of efficiency caused by pressure gradients in linear SFC is to be large, the depth and the sharpness of the deceleration of a solute must go beyond that hitherto confirmed experimentally. Many relevant examples are analyzed graphically.     

A capacity reservation game for suppliers with multiple blocks of capacity

This paper studies a supplier competition model in which a buyer reserves capacity from a number of suppliers that each have multiple blocks of capacity (e.g., production or power plants). The suppliers each submit a bid that specifies a reservation price and an execution price for every block, and the buyer determines what blocks to reserve. This game involves both external competition between suppliers and internal competition between blocks from each supplier. We characterize the properties of pure-strategy Nash equilibria for the game. Such equilibria may not always exist, and we provide the conditions under which they do.     

Evaluation of the limit of performance of an analytical method based on a statistical calculation of its critical concentrations according to ISO standard 11843: Application to routine control of banned veterinary drug residues in food according to European Decision 657/2002/EC

Traceability of the measurement of analytical parameters capable of evaluating the performance of methods is an important concept for the assessment of quality for the routine control, especially for residue monitoring of non-authorized medicinal substances in food from animal origin. The European Decision no. 657/2002/EC recommends to calculate two statistical limits, CCα and CCβ, which allow to evaluate the critical concentrations above which the method reliably distinguish and quantify a substance taking into account the variability of the method and the statistical risk to take a wrong decision. The calculation, which can be derived from the ISO standard no. 11843 is applied on a routine basis. An example displays a very simple way for evaluating the performance of an LC-MSMS method which has been validated a few years ago and is qualified onto a Micromass Quattro LCZ tandem mass spectrometer to monitor and confirm the nitrofuran metabolite residues in food from animal origin. Community Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Veterinary Drug Residue Control in Food from Animal Origin     

Elution behavior of styrene oligomer fractions in supercritical fluid chromatography

Summary In supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), the elution behavior of styrene oligomers in pentane depends greatly on the degree of oligomerization, n. The influence of capacity ratio, k, on the lower oligomers up to about n=11 resembles the behavior of other substrates of low molecular weight, like aromatic hydrocarbons. Thus, with pentane of 100 bar and below, minima are found in plots of k versus temperature. In contrast, the k of oligomers of higher molecular weight (n>11) increase monotonously with increasing temperature. The studies were performed using oligostyrene fractions obtained by semipreparative SFC fractionation.     

Retention behavior and solvent optimization of organochlorine pesticides in solid-phase extraction

Summary Plots of capacity factor and retention time vs. elution solvent composition were proved to be useful to interpret the retention behavior of Kepone and its metabolites in a reversed-phase solid-phase extraction and to optimize the elution solvent. The percent recovery of Kepone was largely improved when the solvent was optimized. The standard deviations of the results of extractions were also improved upon the optimization of the solvent.     

页岩气水平井体积开发产能评价模拟

页岩气产能提高的主要方式是长水平井多段多簇水力压裂制造大规模的沟通缝网。为了进一步提升开发储层动用率,尤其是储层纵向动用程度,本文探索了储层开发的体积开发模式。相对于单井开采,体积开发需要考虑层间气体动用的问题。根据层间干扰强度划分层间沟通模式为：层间不沟通、层间渗流沟通和层间缝网沟通。结合势的叠加原理和流场边界层效应建立层间渗流沟通判据和计算模型。通过引入裂缝应力敏感的页岩气基质-裂缝渗流修正方程和主裂缝-次生裂缝-基质三重介质模型描述页岩气多尺度输运,揭示和评价了三种沟通模式下的长宁区块龙马溪组页岩气开采效果。结果表明：层间渗流沟通的体积开发模式最终产能提升效果显著,相较于单井开发叠加,估算的最终可采储量EUR可增加0.25亿方,增加比例达9.84%。缝网沟通过强的储层改造程度使储层流体压力下降过快,应力敏感现象显著,中后期开采能力下降严重,最终影响到整个产层储量的有效动用。体积开发三种模式中渗流沟通效果最好,缝网沟通和层间不沟通采收效果相当。该研究为实现储层体积开发高效动用所需的合理立体井位布置和压裂施工方案提供了理论指导。     

生态足迹模型在旅游环境研究中的应用——以中国32个地区为例

旅游环境承载力的理论和计算方法一直是国内外研究的热点。在Wackernage提出的生态足迹模型的基础上建立了旅游生态足迹模型,用于衡量地区旅游环境承载力。通过应用该模型对中国沿海地区旅游生态足迹的计算和分析,阐述了建立旅游生态足迹模型的出发点和今后的研究发展方向。