Antigen retrieval on formaldehyde-fixed paraffin sections: its potential drawbacks and optimization for double immunostaining

It is well known that the major artifact induced by formaldehyde fixation is the masking of tissue antigens due to cross-linking of protein amino acid residues. Recently many antigen retrieval techniques have been devised to unmask the hidden antigen epitopes and recover immunoreactivity. In this study, some practical problems of two common unmasking techniques, i.e. heat-induced epitope retrieval and enzyme digestion have been reviewed in immunostaining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) on formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded sections. As the heating conditions became more severe, false-positive staining and/or nonspecific background staining occurred. Based on the principle of protein inactivation/denaturation and the possible mechanisms of antigen retrieval, it has been suggested that the antigen retrieval itself can also denature proteins in tissues, just as many other protein inactivation processes. Thus, the total magnitude of protein conformational change caused by the overall unmasking procedure is in practice crucial. To prove this hypothesis and to overcome such undesirable drawbacks after antigen retrieval, a new combination technique of a mild heating condition (microwaved at 80°C for 15–20 min) and pepsin digestion was devised. This technique led to a strong specific immunoreactivity of PCNA, without any undesirable false positive or background staining. The procedure was also adapted for double immunostaining of PCNA together with -actin, bromodeoxyuridine, keratin, type IV collagen and vimentin.     

Multiplex chemiluminescence microscope imaging of P16INK4A and HPV DNA as biomarker of cervical neoplasia

Classification of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions in low-grade (CIN1) or high-grade (CIN2-3) ones is crucial for optimal patient management, but current histological diagnosis on bioptic samples is often hampered by inter-observer variability. To allow objective classification, we have exploited the peculiar characteristics of chemiluminescence detection, such as high sensitivity and easy quantification of the luminescence signal, to perform sequentially in the same tissue section both an immunohistochemical quantitative detection of p16^INK4A (a protein marker of high-grade CIN lesions) and an in situ hybridization for human papillomavirus (generally accepted as a necessary but insufficient cause of cervical carcinoma). Different label enzymes (alkaline phosphatase and horseradish peroxidase) were employed in order to avoid any interference between the two assays, and quantitative chemiluminescence image analysis was used to obtain objective evaluation of sample positivity. The multiplexed method allowed detection of two complementary biomarkers and provided discrimination between different lesions (non-neoplastic, low-grade and high-grade CIN). This assay might thus represent an accurate and objective diagnostic test providing important information for counseling, selection of therapy and follow up after surgical treatment.     

Immunohistochemical localization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors (GnRHR) in the nervous system, Hatschek’s pit and gonads of amphioxus,Branchiostoma belcheri

Using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) anti-idiotypic antibodies and APA immunohistochemical method, the immunoreactivity of GnRHR in the nervous system, Hatschek’s pit and gonads of amphioxus has been located. It is found for the first time that the immunoreactivity of GnRHR exists in the nerve cells and fibers in the amphioxus’s brain and nerve tube and the epithelial cells of Hatschek’s pit at the different stages of gonadal development. At the same time, it is also found that GnRHR also exists in the ovary and testis of different developed stages. These findings provide morphological new proof for the informative transfer and regulation between brain and Hatschek’s pit mediation by GnRHR, and for the understanding of the mechanism of action on the reproductive endocrine control axis among brain-Hatschek’s pit-gonads.     

Immuno-laser capture microdissection of frozen prolactioma sections to prepare proteomic samples

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) technology combined with immunohistochemistry (immuno-LCM) is a valuable tool to obtain specific target cell populations and therefore this technique enables more accurate proteomic profile. In this study, we optimized the regular immuno-LCM technique to isolate and stain pure prolactin cells from either normal human pituitary (n = 6) or prolactioma (n = 11). Compared with the routine procedure, more intense and specific staining could be obtained when sections were pretreated with 0.2% Triton X-100 for 4 min. Interestingly, longer pretreatment (0.2% Triton X-100 for 10 min) or higher concentration (2% Triton X-100 for 4 and 10 min) greatly impaired labeling intensity and cell shape. Further scanning electron microscope study revealed that the component extracted from the cell surface by Triton X-100 was lipid. Using the optimized immuno-LCM technique, more pure prolactin cells could be isolated and prepared for further proteomic analysis. Taken together, we reported an optimized immuno-LCM technique that could effectively dissect pure target cells in different type pituitary adenomas for further proteomics analysis.     

稀土上转换发光材料标记抗体的制备及在免疫组化中的应用

采用微波辐射法合成了具有上转换发光特性的六方相纳米粒子NaGdF₄: Yb³⁺,Er³⁺(UCNPs), 其晶粒大小约为65 nm, 且粒子在980 nm的激发光下显示绿光(550 nm). 进一步在NaGdF₄: Yb³⁺,Er³⁺纳米晶的表面包覆了一层二氧化硅层, 进行氨基功能化后获得了表面共价结合氨基基团的粒径为70 nm的上转换发光纳米微球NaGdF₄: Yb³⁺,Er³⁺@SiO₂-NH₂(UCNPs@SiO₂-NH₂). 通过共价键将UCNPs@SiO₂-NH₂与多克隆抗体免疫球蛋白联接, 将标记后的多克隆抗体应用于传统的免疫组化检测子宫内膜腺细胞中基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-4(TIMP-4)蛋白的表达. 结果表明, 微波合成的稀土上转换发光纳米材料形貌规则且粒径均一, 包覆硅壳后材料具有良好的分散性和水溶性, 荧光强度高且稳定, 在980 nm激发光下对生物组织无背景荧光, 可以很好地检测组织中蛋白质的表达.     

Inhibition of Salidroside on Salivary Gland Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

To evaluate the role of salidroside on proliferation,apoptosis and invasiveness of salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma cells(SACC),immunocytochemical staining was employed to detect proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA),caspase 3 and caspase 8 expression in SACC-2 cells.Modified Boyden chamber assay combined with laser confocal microscopy(LSCM) was used to evaluate the invasion and migration abilities of SACC-2 cells at different time point.Immunohistochemistry staining revealed that the expression of PCNA was significantly decreased(P0.01) after salidroside treatment.In contrast,salidroside treatment led to increased caspase 3 and caspase 8 in SACC-2 cells.Cell migration depth and number of cells that penetrated Boyden chamber were also decreased by salidroside.Salidroside potently inhibits the proliferation and simultaneously induces the apoptosis of SACC-2 cells.Migration and invasion of SACC-2 cells are also inhibited.Our data throw light on potential clinical application of salidroside to the patients with SACC.     

免疫组化方法检测猪和人皮肤通用抗原标志

目的　探讨猪与人皮肤组织蛋白抗原性的差异。方法　人和小猪全厚正常皮肤作冰冻切片 ,用抗人皮肤组织相关抗原 (HLA ABC ,HLA DR ,Vimentin ,Desmin ,Actin ,FⅧRA ,Cytokeratin)、细胞因子及其受体和胞外基质 (Hyalu ronicacid ,Fibronectin ,Laminin ,TypeⅣcollagen ,Estradiol 17β和Testosterone)及Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅶ型胶原等抗原成分的单克隆或多克隆抗体进行免疫组化染色 ,比较猪与人皮肤组织抗原性异同。结果　在猪皮肤组织可检测到I Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅶ型胶原和Hyaluronicacid、Fibronectin、Laminin、FⅧRA、Cytokeratin、IL 6、IL 8、Estradiol 17β、Testosterone及ICAM 1;多克隆抗体阳检率明显高于单克隆抗体 ;其中细胞外基质成分和分子量较小的细胞因子 ,以及结构或功能原始的蛋白分子在猪与人皮肤有较好的同源性 ,而某些蛋白分子 (如细胞因子或激素的受体和淋巴细胞CD分子等 )则多为阴性 ,显示抗体 抗原结合反应的特异性及其种族差异。结论　猪与人皮肤组织抗原之间存在很大的差异 ,猪血管内皮细胞表达人ICAM 1,提示二者粘附分子可能存在物种间的交叉 ,可能与异种皮肤移植难以存活有关。本研究为异种脱细胞真皮基质的临床应用提供了有用的资料     

实验性癫痫大鼠MHC分子的表达

目的 证明癫痫的免疫学发病机制。方法 采用MHC McAb免疫组织化学染色。结果 实验性癫痫大鼠大脑海马锥状细胞层可见到NHC-Ⅰ，NHC-Ⅱ类分子的表达。结论 实验性癫痫大鼠大脑海马硬化发生过程中，存在着免疫反应发生。     

不同S180细胞株蛋白质特性的电泳及免疫组化法比较研究

用ＳＤＳ聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ）和免疫组化染色方法，比较研究４个不同单位保种的小鼠肉瘤（Ｓ１８０）细胞蛋白质的表达。电泳结果显示，北京市肿瘤研究所仲种的Ｓ１８０蛋白质条带数最多，武汉大学保种中心的Ｓ１８０最小。免疫组化染色法测定四个单位Ｓ１８０细胞的Ｒａｆ－１、Ｔｒｋ、Ｇａｉ、Ｇａｏ和ＮＦＫｂＰ６５蛋白表达，Ｇａｉ、ＴｒｋＡ和Ｒａｆ－１阳性率均低于０．２％；Ｇａｏ阳性率均低于４．２％     

颅内巨细胞胶质母细胞瘤

为探讨巨细胞胶质母细胞瘤的临床病理特征，组织发生学及预后，观察了１１例巨细胞胶质母细胞瘤，占１７２１例ＣＮＳ肿瘤的０．６４％。方法；采用电镜观察和胶质纤维酸性蛋白，Ｓ－１００蛋白，波形细丝蛋白等免疫组化染色，研究了此类肿瘤的病理，电镜，免疫组化及临床特点。