基于全维观测器的系统控制律重构研究

在控制系统中,控制律与状态变量有着密切的关系,控制律往往是某些状态变量的函数.当控制系统的某些元件发生故障时,系统将无法得到构成控制律所需的状态变量,因而导致系统无法正常工作.针对此类情况,本文探讨了一种基于全维观测器的控制律重构方法,并针对某随动控制系统进行了分析和仿真,结果表明该方法是有效的.     

论大型主题公园的演化和后续再利用——以昆明世博园为例

以大型主题公园——昆明世博园为例,分析了其目前生存状态以及影响发展的因素,经过问卷调查、现场走访等方法提出一系列适宜昆明世博园后续发展的策略。这可为稍晚建成的沈阳、上海世博园后续发展提供借鉴和指导性意见。     

The process of management review

Management review of the quality-management system is an item in many quality standards and a requirement of the ISO 9001:2000 standard and of laboratory standards ISO 15189 and ISO 17125, and others. These reviews are conducted to ensure that the top management is informed and involved in the quality-management system with respect to continuing adequacy and effectiveness, and opportunities for improvement of the system. The management review is a process that should be conducted and audited utilizing the process approach. A process approach is defined as “An activity using resources and managed in order to enable the transformation of inputs into outputs” (ISO 9001:2000). All identified main processes in the quality system should be monitored through data collection by appropriate methods, assuring that data are valid, representative, and adequate. For management review data must be collected and presented in an accessible form so that processes can be evaluated according to objectives, goals, resources, etc. On the basis of this information the laboratory management makes the necessary decisions and ensure that actions are taken that improve the effectiveness of the quality-management system. As output from the management review process, there should be evidence of decisions regarding: change of quality policy and objectives; plans and possible actions for improvements; corrective actions as appropriate; increased customer satisfaction; and planning of resources needs. Identification of the processes involved and using the process approach in the management review ensures the continual improvement of the quality system. Presented at the conference Quality in the Spotlight, March 2006, Antwerp, Belgium.     

课堂内外言语交际中的后续步分析(英文)

后续步既存在于课堂内也存在于课堂外的社交对话中。有效的后续步通过对说话人的话语进行改述、详述、重复、评论和反应等 ,发挥着评价和语篇两种功能。教师应该充分利用后续话步 ,促进和提高教学效果。     

Voice problems in a small swedish town: A retrospective study of the prevalence and a follow-up

The prevalence of voice problems among patients consulting the primary health care unit of a small Swedish town during 1984 was investigated. A study of the records of 11,606 patients indicated that 102 of them consulted their doctor mainly because of voice problems. The period prevalence of voice problems in the population of 20,049 people was 0.5%. A follow-up examination 1 year later indicated that 44% of these patients still had voice problems. Among the patients with a voice disorder diagnosis made by means of indirect laryngoscopy in 1984, 72% still had a voice disorder diagnosis at the follow-up. It is pointed out that the doctor who is seeing a patient with voice problems should make a thorough examination including indirect laryngoscopy. It is also important to discuss the patient's smoking habits and professional vocal strain to prevent recurrence.     

延迟PCI改善急性心肌梗死左室重构及缩小梗死面积的效果

目的探讨延迟PCI治疗急性心肌梗死对改善左室重构和缩小心肌梗死面积的效果.方法312例ST段抬高性急性心肌梗死患者,分为直接PCI治疗组65例,延迟PCI治疗组81例,尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗组74例,药物保守治疗组92例.全部患者随访6~36个月,观察住院期间和随访期间的主要心脏事件、复合终点事件和超声心动图变化及利用QRS计分评估梗死范围的变化.结果1)延迟PCI组平均住院时间为(14.1±11.7)d,显著少于静脉溶栓(20.5±8.4)d和内科药物治疗组(19.2±9.4)d(P<0.05);而与直接PCI组的住院时间相同(P>0.05).2)延迟PCI的复合终点事件发生率显著少于静脉溶栓和内科药物治疗组(P<0.05);与直接PCI组比较,无显著差异(P>0.05).3)本组随访6~36个月,平均随访(21.5±4.6)个月时.随访期间,延迟PCI组的心力衰竭及复合终点事件的发生率显著低于静脉溶栓组和内科药物治疗组(P<0.05).4)超声心动图随访结果显示,在住院期间和随访期间,延迟PCI组的LVEF显著高于非PCI治疗组(P<0.05),而延迟PCI组的LAD和LVDd均显著小于非PCI延迟组.5)延迟PCI组的心肌梗死范围回缩率(0.376±0.138)显著大于内科药物治疗组(0.173±0.094)(P<0.05),而与直接PCI组(0.413±0.169)和溶栓组(0.289±0.177)相似.结论延迟PCI治疗急性心肌梗死可改善患者的左室重构,缩短平均住院时间,减少住院期间和随访期间的心脏事件、复合终点事件发生率,使心肌梗死面积缩小.     

激素受体阳性乳腺癌预后影响因素分析

目的 分析激素受体阳性乳腺癌患者预后影响因素并为乳腺癌的临床治疗提供帮助。方 法根据入组标准收集2006 年1 月1日至2008 年12 月31 日收治的激素受体阳性乳腺癌患者285 例,并回顾性分析285 例乳腺癌患者的临床病理特点、治疗方式与患者无病生存率（disease free survival,DFS）与总生存率（overall survival,OS）之间的关系,探究其预后的影响因素。结果 随访的285 例中,5年DFS 为90.3%,5 年OS 为94.6%。年龄≤35 岁患者相比35~60 岁患者DFS 与OS 均缩短（P＜0.01）。淋巴结未转移患者比转移患者预后更佳（P＜0.01）。术后辅助化疗、术后辅助放疗、内分泌治疗可显著改善患者的DFS 及OS（P＜0.01）。间断或中断内分泌治疗能影响患者DFS 与OS（P＜0.01）。中药巩固治疗能改善患者DFS（P＜0.05）,但未能影响OS。结论 淋巴结转移是全组患者的不良预后因素。辅助化疗、辅助放疗、内分泌治疗均能改善激素受体阳性乳腺癌的生存,加强术后的个体化管理对规范内分泌治疗意义重大。     

自体瘤苗免疫治疗的临床观察及意义

目的 对自体瘤苗免疫治疗的患者进行临床观察与护理及生存率分析,探讨自体瘤苗免疫治疗的疗效及预后.方法 回顾性分析自体瘤苗免疫治疗组95例患者及对照组76例患者治疗前及治疗后1个月临床免疫指标变化及进行生存情况逐年随访.结果 瘤苗组的患者外周血中除了NK活性无明显变化外,CD3,CD4,CD8的百分含量,CD4/CD8都较治疗前有明显改变,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组的患者外周血CD3,CD4,CD8的百分含量,CD4/CD8和NK活性差异与治疗前比较都无统计学意义.瘤苗组除IgG值升高,其他与对照组体液免疫均无明显差异;与肿瘤疫苗治疗有关的不良反应最常见的是疫苗注射部位的局部反应,即局部的自限性红斑、硬结或搔痒,少数出现低热、头疼、疲乏无力等;瘤苗组患者与对照组患者生存率比较,差异有统计学意义,瘤苗组生存率截至随访日期为62.46%,对照组为43.39%.结论 肿瘤疫苗治疗肿瘤可作为安全、副反应小的肿瘤生物治疗方法 之一,对延长患者生存时间、改善生活质量等具有重要意义.     

13C discriminations of Pinus sylvestris vs. Pinus ponderosa at a dry site in Brandenburg (eastern Germany): 100-year growth comparison

The carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C, ‰) and discrimination (Δ, ‰) of old grown North American Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Ex P. et C. Laws. and European Pinus sylvestris L. were determined using trees grown under almost identical growing conditions in a mixed stand in Bralitz, Northeast Germany. Single-tree δ¹³C analyses of tree-ring cellulose of both species were carried out at a yearly resolution for the period 1901–2001 and the results compared with growth (basal area increment). Annual mean δ¹³C values for P. ponderosa ranged from?21.6 ‰ to?25.2 ‰ and for P. sylvestris from?21.4 ‰ to?24.4 ‰. Accordingly, ¹³C discrimination (Δ) showed higher values for P. ponderosa throughout the investigation period. Five characteristic periods of Δ were identified for both the tree species, reflecting positive and negative influences of environmental factors. Good growing conditions such as after-thinning events had a positive effect on Δ, reflecting higher values, while poor conditions like aridity and air pollution had a negative influence, reflecting lower values. The dynamics of Δ were likewise reflected in the growth (basal area increment, BAI). Higher ¹³C discrimination values of P. ponderosa led to higher BAIs of P. ponderosa in comparison with P. sylvestris. Correlation function analyses confirmed that P. sylvestris was more dependent on precipitation than P. ponderosa, which showed a closer relationship with temperature. The results confirm that under predominantly dry growing conditions, P. ponderosa showed better growth performance than P. sylvestris, indicating better common intrinsic water-use efficiency and, therefore, higher rates of net photosynthesis at a given transpiration. In view of the prospect of climate change, the results are very significant for assessing both trees’ physiological properties and, hence, their potential for coping with future growing conditions.