Cosmic dust and our origins

The small solid particles in the space between the stars provide the surfaces for the production of many simple and complex molecules. Processes involving the effects of ultraviolet irradiation of the thin (hundredth micron) mantles are shown to produce a wide range of molecules and ions also seen in comets. Some of the more complex ones inferred from laboratory experiments are expected to play an important role in the origin of life. An outline of the chemical evolution of interstellar dust as observed and as studied in the laboratory is presented. Observations of comets are shown to provide substantial evidence for their being fluffy aggregates of interstellar dust as it was in the protosolar nebula, i.e. the interstellar cloud which collapsed to form the solar system. The theory that comets may have brought the progenitors of life to the earth is summarized.     

Electron-stimulated desorption of D (H) from condensed D2O (H2O) films

The electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) of D⁻ and H⁻ ions from condensed D₂O and H₂O films is investigated. Three low-energy peaks are observed in the ESD anion yield, which are identified as arising from excitation of ²B₁, ²A₁ and ²B₂ dissociative electron attachment (DEA) resonances. Additional structure is observed between 18 and 32 eV, which may be due to ion pair formation or to DEA resonances involving the 2a₁ orbital. The ion yield resulting from excitation of the ²B₁ resonance increases as the film is heated. We attribute the increase in the ion yield to thermally induced hydrogen bond breaking near the surface, which enhances the lifetimes of the excited states that lead to desorption.     

血液净化用吸附剂脱附过程的数学模型研究

对已吸附了低密度脂蛋白（ＬＤＬ）及极低密度脂蛋白（ＶＬＤＬ）达到饱和程度的吸附柱，用１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的生理盐水进行脱附，采用修正Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ吸附式建立了连续脱附过程的数学模型，计算结果与实验测定值吻合，表明该数学模型适用于描述类似于ＬＤＬ及ＶＬＤＬ这类蛋白质大分子的脱附过程。     

血卟啉及其金属衍生物的化学电离质谱

本研究采用直接曝热技术，分别以氢气和甲烷为反应气，测定了１０个血卟啉衍生物和１３个金属血卟啉衍生物的正、负离子解吸化学电离质谱，探讨了各种化学电离质谱法在结构测定中的应用。     

Competitive adsorption and desorption of a bi-solute mixture: effect of activated carbon type

This study aims to clarify the effects of carbon activation type and physical form on the extent of adsorption capacity and desorption capacity of a bi-solute mixture of phenol and 2-chlorophenol (2-CP). For this purpose, two different PACs; thermally activated Norit SA4 and chemically activated Norit CA1, and their granular countertypes with similar physical characteristics, thermally activated Norit PKDA and chemically activated Norit CAgran, were used. The thermally activated carbons were better adsorbers for phenol and 2-CP compared with chemically activated carbons, but adsorption was more reversible in the latter case. 2-CP was adsorbed preferentially by each type of activated carbon, but adsorption of phenol was strongly suppressed in the presence of 2-CP. The simplified ideal adsorbed solution (SIAS) model underestimated the 2-CP loadings and overestimated the phenol loadings. However, the improved and modified forms of the SIAS model could better predict the competitive adsorption. The type of carbon activation was decisive in the application of these models. For each activated carbon type, phenol was desorbed more readily in the bi-solute case, but desorption of 2-CP was less compared with single-solute. This was attributed to higher energies of 2-CP adsorption.     

Adsorption, desorption and activities of acid phosphatase on various colloidal particles from an Ultisol

Adsorption, desorption and activity of acid phosphatase on various soil colloidal particles and pure clay minerals were studied. Higher adsorption amounts and low percentage of desorption of acid phosphatase were found on fine soil clays (<0.2 μm). Electrostatic force and ligand exchange are the major driving forces that are involved in the adsorption of enzymes on soil clays. More enzyme molecules were adsorbed on soil clays in the presence of organic components. However, enzymes on organic clays were more easily released. One-third of the enzyme on goethite was adsorbed via ligand exchange process. Some other interactions, such as van der Waals force, hydrophobic force and hydrogen bonding may be more important in the adsorption of enzyme on kaolinite and the enzyme in this system cannot be easily removed. Coarse clays (0.2–2 μm) and inorganic soil clays had higher affinities for enzyme molecules than fine clays and organic clays, respectively. The activity of enzyme bound on soil clays was inhibited and the thermal stability was increased in the presence of organic matter. Data obtained in this study are helpful for a better understanding of the interactions of enzymes with inorganic and organic constituents in soil and associated environments.     

大孔树脂吸附法处理含苯肼工业废水的研究

以Hz-841大孔树脂为吸附剂,95%乙醇为脱附剂处理含苯肼4000~5000mg/L的工业废水,取得了理想的分离效果,苯肼吸附率>99.8%,树脂工作吸附量40~50g/L。     

Evaluation of the adsorption affinity of proteins to calcium hydroxyapatites by desorption and pre-adsorption methods

The adsorption affinity of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme (LSZ) to calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHAP) was evaluated by desorption and two step adsorption methods. These experiments were carried out at 15°C in a 1×10⁻⁴ mol dm⁻³ KCl solution of pH 6.0. BSA molecules were scarcely desorbed, exhibiting an irreversible adsorption of BSA, though LSZ slightly desorbed. This result supports our previous findings that LSZ adsorbs weakly onto phosphate ions exposed on ac or bc faces of CaHAP while BSA adsorbs strongly onto positively charged sites on ac or bc faces of CaHAP. The amount of adsorbed LSZ was markedly increased by the pre-adsorption of BSA, where LSZ was adsorbed onto BSA-covered CaHAP. On the other hand, the amount of adsorbed BSA was not changed by the pre-adsorption of LSZ. In both pre-adsorption systems it was confirmed by an HPLC method that no protein molecule pre-adsorbed was desorbed after the post-adsorption procedure. Therefore, it was interpreted that the enhancement of adsorption of positively charged LSZ is induced by an electrostatic attractive force through pre-adsorption of negatively charged BSA molecules with a high coverage. However, since the coverage of LSZ onto CaHAP is considerably low, no stimulation of BSA adsorption occurred on the LSZ-covered surface. The formation of double protein adsorbed layers consisting of pre- and post-adsorbed proteins was proposed.     

Rapid determination of desorption efficiency, and analysis of solvent mixtures for occupational exposure studies

Summary An analytical procedure has been developed for simultaneous determination of solvent mixture vapors to enable evaluation of occupational exposure. To determine the desorption efficiency the volatile components of the solvent mixtures were generated from a glass tube filled with glass wool. This device is easy to prepare and use. These vapors were then collected in activated charcoal tubes and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography. The method was tested with a mixture of 22 solvents, including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, esters, and ketones, all at low concentrations. All the components were detected. When a 99∶1 mixture of carbon disulfide-dimethylformamide was used for desorption the efficiency was>75% for most of the solvents.     

Defect-related relaxation processes in irradiated rare gas solids

Electronic and atomic relaxation processes in preirradiated solid Ar doped with N 2 were studied with a focus on the role of radiative electronic transitions in relaxation cascades. Combining methods of activation spectroscopy - thermally stimulated and photon-stimulated exoelectron emission, a new channel of relaxation induced by photon emission from metastable N atoms was detected. It was shown that in insulating materials with a wide conduction band photons of visible range can release electrons from both kinds of traps - shallow (lattice defects) and deep thermally disconnected ones. Correlation in the charge recombination reaction yield and the yield of low temperature desorption - important relaxation channel in a preirradiated solid - clearly demonstrates interconnection between atomic and electronic processes of relaxation.