Effect of carbon content on the microstructure and the cracking susceptibility of Fe-based laser-clad layer

The laser cladding of Fe-based alloys on a medium carbon steel substrate was performed using a CO₂ laser and Ar shielding gas that was blown into a molten pool. The microstructure and cracking susceptibility of the laser-clad layers were studied in terms of carbon additions. Results show that the small change of the carbon content in the alloy powders can obviously change the microstructure and properties of the layers. When the carbon content is in the range of 0.3–0.4 wt.%, the decrease of the carbon content in alloy powders will increase the hardness and toughness of the layers simultaneously under the same process parameters. As a result, crack-free coatings with high hardness can be obtained. As the carbon content increases from 0.2 wt.% to 0.4 wt.%, the segregation ratio of chromium increases, while the segregation ratios of nickel, manganese, and silicon first decrease and then increase. At the same time, a new designing principle concerning the composition and microstructure has been put forward, and the principal mechanisms of strengthening and toughening of the layers are fine-grain strengthening and low carbon martensitic phase transformation strengthening.     

Hydrogenation of naphthalene on noble-metal-containing mesoporous MCM-41 aluminosilicates

Aromatic saturation of oil fractions is a key process in the refining industry due to increasing demand for cleanest distillates with superior performances. In this study, the behavior of different catalysts containing 1 wt.% of noble-metal inside a mesoporous MCM-41 (Si:Al=20) framework was investigated in the hydrogenation of naphthalene, as preliminary step to investigate bimetallic catalysts. While at atmospheric pressure only Rh and Pd showed a low hydrogenation activity, in the tests performed at 6.0 MPa the catalytic activity grew, exhibiting the following order: Pt>RhPd>>>Ru≈Ir. However, all the catalysts required a large H₂ excess, to avoid a decrease in hydrogenation and ring-opening activity, and gave rise to the best performance for a contact time of 6.8 s, favouring at lower values the partial hydrogenation to tetralin and at higher values cracking reactions. Finally, all the catalysts showed low thio-tolerance, with significant deactivation already feeding 100 ppm wt. of dibenzothiophene (DBT), with a partial reversibility only for the Pt-containing catalyst (CAT 3).     

原子吸收光谱法测定裂解汽油中铅

报道了用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定裂解汽油中铅的方法。用碘 二甲苯溶液对汽油进行氧化处理,用稀硝酸进行萃取,萃取后浓缩液用原子吸收光谱法进行测定。铅含量在0～7.0μg·ml-1范围内符合比耳定律。对汽油样品进行分析时,相对标准偏差小于3.95%,对样品进行加标回收试验,回收率为97.7%～101.7%,方法的精密度和准确度良好。     

Selective determination of oxygenates in complex samples with the O-FID analyzer

A gas-chromatographic analyzer allowing the selective detection of individual oxygenates in complex organic mixtures, such as gasolines, is described. The analyzer is based on the oxygen-specific response flame ionization detection (O-FID) method. The system operates with capillary columns and includes a cracking reactor to convert any oxygenate to carbon monoxide and a special FID equipped with a microreactor for the catalytic hydro-genation of CO and detection as methane. Hydrocarbons give no signal. The selectivity of the method is better than 1:10⁷ and the linear range approaches 10⁵. The analysis of modern fuels containing oxygenated additives, to improve octane ratings, may greatly benefit from the proposed analytical method.     

木质素模型化合物的裂解工艺及机理的研究进展

化石资源的有限性、不可再生性及其利用所造成的环境污染,使木质生物质资源生产高附加值化学品和燃料受到广泛关注。因木质素是结构复杂的高分子聚合物,其综合有效利用受到极大限制,通常被作为燃料直接燃烧,同时给木质素解聚研究带来了巨大的困难。因此,围绕木质素模型化合物裂解工艺及机理的研究发展迅速。为梳理木质素模型化合物的裂解研究的现状和预测未来发展方向,本文综述了其裂解工艺和机理的研究进展。着重介绍木质素单体、二聚体和多聚体不同裂解工艺的特点、优势、应用前景以及相关的机理,最后预测了木质素模型化合物裂解研究未来的发展方向。     

5.12汶川大地震诱发大型崩滑灾害动力特征初探

对乙炔氧气混合气体中爆轰波与激波的正面对撞现象的实验研究是以高速摄影获 取两波对撞的x-t纹影图,以烟迹板记录对撞中的爆轰胞格图案,并基于激波 理论和经典CJ爆轰理论求解了两波对撞的稳态解并探寻其规律. 研究发现透射波系包括一道激波和爆轰波, 以及紧随爆轰波后的稀疏波区,这一结果对应于一维理论分析中的CJ解. 透射波系基本不受 初始压强影响;初始温度也只成比例地改变流场整体速度,温度越高,速度越快;对波系起 实质影响作用的是入射激波强度,激波越强,则整个透射流场呈现偏向激波的趋势;理论分 析还指出,稀疏波区的出现不可避免,当激波强度趋于声波稀疏波区趋于消失,激波越强则 疏波区趋于扩大. 两波对撞存在一个有限的转变阶段,透射爆轰首先减缓,接着迅速迸发为 过驱爆轰,然后再逐渐平衡为CJ爆轰. 对于强不稳定的燃气,对撞后爆轰波在空间上的发展 极不均衡,一些区域发生火焰面与诱导激波的严重脱离,随后的火焰面失稳发展为诱导激波 区内的爆轰波,实验观察到了这种爆轰在烟迹板上留下的极为精细的迹线.     

裂化催化剂再生过程中密相床出口处CO_2与CO比值的测定

本文提出了测定流化催化裂化(FCC)催化剂再生过程中的CO_2/CO值的一种新方法。利用双热导池同时连续检测再生烟气中CO_2和CO的瞬时浓度,得到了CO_2/CO值与含碳量、氧浓度(5.63％～21.65％)、催化剂类型及温度(600～720℃)的相互关系。并且利用已测得的裂化催化剂存在下CO的氧化数据,对密相床出口处CO_2/CO值进行了扣除计算,得到了本征的CO_2/CO,并同Arthur的结果进行了比较。在测定CO_2/CO值的同时,还测得了一批消碳动力学数据,与前人的工作进行了比较,证明了该实验数据的可靠性。     

Relationship Between Mesostructure,Mechanical Behaviour and Damage of Cement Composites Under High-Pressure Confinement

This work seeks to determine how the mesostructure of seven types of cement composites containing alumina particles or not controls their deviatoric strength, compaction law, and damage under high-pressure of confinement. First, the method of analysis of quasi-oedometric compression tests is presented. Accuracy of the method for concrete is discussed by means of numerical simulations. The confined compression tests performed show the effects of adding ceramic aggregates. Furthermore, an application of post-mortem analysis by infiltration technique of each specimen is presented, revealing a highly micro-cracked pattern depending of the mesostructure of these materials. From these observations, a discussion is presented on the influence that the addition of ceramic aggregates exerts on the confined behaviour of these composites. The tests showed a highly beneficial effect of the presence of particles, on both the deviatoric strength and the compaction law of the concretes considered.     

Constitutive equations for no-tension materials

Summary For a material which is incapable of sustaining tensile stresses (no-tension material, NTM), the local stability postulate is utilized in order to derive the appropriate equations which relate, within general 3D situations, cracking strain states and stress states to each other. Several alternative forms of these equations are discussed, either in terms of stress and strain components, or in terms of stress and strain invariants. The results obtained improve known results regarding the NTM's.

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Sommario Per un materiale non resistente a trazione in stati di tensione e deformazione triassiali viene utilizzato il postulate di stabilità locale per ottenere appropriate equazioni che mettono in relazione gli stati di deformazione fragile (o fessurativa) con gli stati di tensione. Sono discusse alcune forme alternative di queste equazioni espresse in termini di componenti di tensione e di deformazione, oppure in termini di invarianti delle tensioni e delle deformazioni. I risultati ottenuti comprovano e arricchiscono noti risultati riguardanti i materiali che non resistono a trazione.

     

How to reveal latent degradation of coatings provoked by UV-light

This paper deals with predictions of the service life of the two main technologies used for automotive clearcoats: acrylic-melamine and acrylic-urethane. This work demonstrates that the UV-light irradiation leads to chain scissions and crosslinking for the unstabilised and stabilised formulations. Mechanisms are proposed to explain the dramatic increase in the values of the mechanical properties for the two technologies as a function of the ageing time. For a determined critical value of the mechanical properties, water acts to reveal the latent damage by leading to the formation of cracks. Moreover, when the polymer reaches a certain level of network densification due to UV-light irradiation, the system cannot accept the stress induced by the water inflation/deflation and cracks will occur. Other solvents were also tested to understand the effects of polarity on the formation of the cracks.