Ultrasound assisted enhancement in natural dye extraction from beetroot for industrial applications and natural dyeing of leather

There is a growing demand for eco-friendly/non-toxic colorants, specifically for health sensitive applications such as coloration of food and dyeing of child textile/leather garments. Recently, dyes derived from natural sources for these applications have emerged as an important alternative to potentially harmful synthetic dyes and pose need for suitable effective extraction methodologies. The present paper focus on the influence of process parameters for ultrasound assisted leaching of coloring matter from plant materials. In the present work, extraction of natural dye from beetroot using ultrasound has been studied and compared with static/magnetic stirring as a control process at 45 °C. The influence of process parameters on the extraction efficiency such as ultrasonic output power, time, pulse mode, effect of solvent system and amount of beetroot has been studied. The use of ultrasound is found to have significant improvement in the extraction efficiency of colorant obtained from beetroot. Based on the experiments it has been found that a mixture of 1:1 ethanol–water with 80 W ultrasonic power for 3 h contact time provided better yield and extraction efficiency. Pulse mode operation may be useful in reducing electrical energy consumption in the extraction process. The effect of the amount of beetroot used in relation to extraction efficiency has also been studied. Two-stage extraction has been studied and found to be beneficial for improving the yield for higher amounts of beetroot. Significant 8% enhancement in % yield of colorant has been achieved with ultrasound, 80 W as compared to MS process both using 1:1 ethanol–water. The coloring ability of extracted beet dye has been tested on substrates such as leather and paper and found to be suitable for dyeing. Ultrasound is also found to be beneficial in natural dyeing of leather with improved rate of exhaustion. Both the dyed substrates have better color values for ultrasonic beet extract as inferred from reflectance measurement. Therefore, the present study clearly offers efficient extraction methodology from natural dye resources such as beetroot with ultrasound even dispensing with external heating. Thereby, also making eco-friendly non-toxic dyeing of fibrous substances a potential viable option.     

单体摩尔比对共聚物电化学及电致变色性质的影响

通过电化学聚合法制备了3, 6-(二噻吩基)-9-(二茂铁甲酸己酯基)-咔唑(BTC-H-Fc)与3, 4-乙烯二氧噻吩(EDOT)不同摩尔比下的共聚物,并运用电化学、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱及光谱电化学对其结构与性能进行了表征。研究结果表明所得共聚物均能显示良好的电化学特性,光谱电化学测试结果表明,当摩尔浓度比为1时, P(BTC-H-Fc:EDOT)-1中性态下表现浅绿色,且随着施加电压增加转变为绿色和紫色; P(BTC-H-Fc:EDOT)-4则显示了最丰富的颜色,可在中性态的红褐色、棕黄色、绿色、蓝色和紫色五种颜色之间可逆变换;当摩尔比继续增加时, P(BTC-H-Fc:EDOT)-8可以显示红褐色、灰黑色、蓝绿色和天空蓝四种颜色。另外,三种摩尔比的聚合物薄膜还具有不错的光学对比度,转换响应时间及着色效率,该性能为其在电致变色器件的应用提供了潜力。     

A Characterization of b‐Perfect Graphs

A b‐coloring is a coloring of the vertices of a graph such that each color class contains a vertex that has a neighbor in all other color classes, and the b‐chromatic number of a graph G is the largest integer k such that G admits a b‐coloring with k colors. A graph is b‐perfect if the b‐chromatic number is equal to the chromatic number for every induced subgraph of G. We prove that a graph is b‐perfect if and only if it does not contain as an induced subgraph a member of a certain list of 22 graphs. This entails the existence of a polynomial‐time recognition algorithm and of a polynomial‐time algorithm for coloring exactly the vertices of every b‐perfect graph. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 71:95–122, 2012     

中国岫岩玉的致色机理及色度学研究

通过岫岩玉的成分、过渡金属离子的价态及配位状态来研究岫岩玉的致色机理。电感耦合等离子原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)结果显示样品中除了铁和锰,几乎没有其他过渡金属元素。电子顺磁共振谱(EPR)则揭示了位于八面体晶格上的Mn2+和位于四面体和八面体晶格上的Fe3+,而吸收光谱(OAS)则证实了Fe2+和Fe3+的共同存在。分析结果表明Fe2+对岫玉的绿色起主要作用而岫玉的黄色则是由Fe2+和Fe3+的共同作用决定的。此外通过漫反射光谱(DRS)计算出岫玉的色度坐标,对比发现人眼感觉颜色类似的样品其实色度坐标有很大差异。因此可以通过色度坐标来定量区分岫玉颜色的差异,这具有一定的学术价值和经济价值。     

漫反射光谱在“老挝石”颜色成因上的应用

近来,一种产自老挝的新型印章石(俗称“老挝石”)涌进国内市场,对我国印章石市场造成一定影响,“老挝石”的研究尚处于起步阶段,对其颜色成因的研究更为缺乏。采用漫反射光谱(DRS)结合X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线荧光光谱(EDXRF)等测试对红色“老挝石”的矿物成分和致色机理进行深入研究。结果显示,“老挝石”的主要矿物成分为地开石,并含有少量高岭石,化学成分中的Fe含量和“老挝石”红色色调呈正相关关系,即颜色越深Fe的含量越高。铁质矿物呈微晶集合体浸染分布于地开石的颗粒间,由于其含量低、粒度细小,常规的微区测试方法无法确认其种属。相比之下,漫反射光谱对微晶铁矿物的鉴定十分有效,对可见光波段漫反射光谱处理得到导数等,在土壤沉积物中已经被用来定量测定针铁矿和赤铁矿。该研究中“老挝石”基体与土壤沉积物均为粘土矿物,可以用漫反射光谱来判定“老挝石”中铁矿物种属。漫反射光谱一阶导数法显示,其谱峰位于565～570 nm,由此确认铁矿物的种属为赤铁矿。微晶赤铁矿分布于“老挝石”矿物颗粒间,使样品产生红色,赤铁矿含量越高,红色调越深。     

Effect of particle diameter on the electro-optical property of reflective electrochromic display based on monodisperse viologen-modified polymeric microspheres

A reflective electrochromic display (R-ECD) based on viologen-modified polymeric microspheres was prepared and the influence of particle size on the electro-optical characteristics was investigated. The diameters of the viologen-modified polymeric microspheres were altered changing the solvency of the medium during the dispersion polymerization. The chloro-functionalized polymeric microspheres were produced through seeded polymerization, and then the viologen moieties reacted with the methyl chloride functional groups. It was found that the coloration efficiency and the response time of the R-ECD were significantly affected by sizes of microspheres. In addition, the R-ECD had good cyclic stability because the viologen moieties were stably grafted on the surface of the microspheres.     

Application of selected natural sources on mulberry silk fabric

Silk finds an important place for its elegance, softness, luster, sheen, strength, uniformity suitable for the production of respective valuable textile garments and apparels. Due to the amphoteric character of silk protein polymer, the overall behavior of silk will be enriched when it is applied with natural resources. Based on these considerations, it is proposed in this research work to treat mulberry silk fabric with recovered sericin protein in addition with natural finishing sources like aloevera, amla and nochi in varied combinations followed by coloration with some selected natural sources. After these applications, the silk fabric was undergone for some testing for the determination of color value, fastness behavior, tensile strength, absorbency character, anti-odor and retention aspects, and FTIR graphs. The outcome of the results are convinced to the expectations suitable for the applications in the textile industries for garment and apparel utilities.     

不锈钢电化学转化膜的成分分析

用电化学方法对不锈钢进行着色,形成一层有强烈耐蚀作用的转化膜。为研究转化膜的性能,将对转化膜的成分和结构用扫描电镜和X射线衍射进行分析。     

基于管道模型的榆树水分年轮输导模式研究

根据管道模型理论并通过生物染色剂染色实验,对榆树的水分年轮输导模式进行了研究.研究发现,榆树不同年轮的水分输导能力不同;不同年轮间水分横向输导不明显,纵向输导在同一年轮内也不是均衡向上输导,呈明显的管道状输导,这一结果完全符合管道模型理论.