A two dimensional Euler–Lagrangian model of wood gasification in a charcoal bed—Part II: Parameter influence and comparison

A Euler–Lagrangian simulation was employed for a comprehensive parameter study of wood gasification in a fluidized charcoal bed. The parameters that were varied include the initial bed temperature, fuel mass flow rate, inert tar fraction, and kinetic energy losses caused by particle–particle and particle–wall collisions. The results of each parameter variation are compared with a base scenario, previously described in detail in Part I of this study (Gerber & Oevermann, 2014). The results are interpreted by comparing the reactor outlet temperature, averaged particle temperature, overall wood mass, overall charcoal mass, concentrations of several gaseous species, and axial barycenter data for particles obtained with different sets of parameters. The inert tar fraction and fuel mass flow rate are the most sensitive parameter, while the particle–particle and particle–wall contact parameters have only a small impact on the results. Increasing the reactive tar components by 19% almost doubled the amount of reactive tars at the reactor outlet, while decreasing the restitution coefficients of the particle collisions by 0.2 results in higher overall gas production but almost no change in bed height. Herein, our numerical results are discussed in detail while assessing the model restrictions.     

Quantification of allantoin and other metabolites of the purine degradation pathway in human plasma samples using a newly developed HILIC-LC-MS/MS method

The development of a simple HILIC-LC-MS/MS method to quantify the plasma levels of allantoin, inosine, hypoxanthine, and adenosine, using stripped plasma for the bioanalytical method validation, was the purpose of this study. Chromatographic separation conducted using an XBridge BEH Amide column (2.1 × 150 mm, 3.5 μm) was achieved under gradient elution with two mobile phases: 0.1% formic acid–ACN (5:95) and 0.1% formic acid–ACN (50:50). Multiple reaction monitoring MS detection was performed using a triple quadrupole. The method validation experiments were performed according to the European Medicines Agency and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines. The lower LOQ was 50 nM, 5 nM, 20 nM, and 2 nM for allantoin, inosine, hypoxanthine, and adenosine, respectively. The recovery was repeatable and stable. The intraday precision ranged from 1.6% to 6.5%, while the interday precision ranged from 3.4% to 58.7%. Therefore, it is necessary to make a matrix-matched calibration curve each day to overcome this issue. Since the quality control samples’ stability did not always comply with the guidelines, the samples need to be analyzed soon after collection.     

Determination of soil fumigants in air using tandem capillary gas chromatography after charcoal trapping

Soil fumigants, like 1,3-dichloropropene and metham-sodium (forming methyl isothiocyanate) diffuse into the atmosphere, thus presenting a hazard to people in the surroundings. A method is described in which a large volume (50 μl) of extractant, used to desorb the compounds from charcoal, is injected into a GC, equipped with two capillary columns. By way of Deans switching, the solvent is separated from the compounds of interest. Modification of a GC sampler makes unattended analyses possible.     

Studies on radon adsorption characteristics of different charcoals used as amplifiers for the track detectors

Ten sorts of charcoals were studied regarding their use as amplifier in the design of a personal dosimeter. It consists of a combination of a Makrofol detector and activated charcoal. The calibration factor for the Makrofol using the charcoals as an amplifier is about ten times higher comparing with an exposure without charcoal. The best results were obtained with Carboxen 563. The background radioactivity of charcoals must also be considered in the dosimeter's design.     

吸附在活性炭上的二氧六环类固相和类液相性质的NMR研究

物理吸附在活性炭上的有机分子的性质,一直是人们感兴趣的问题。近年来,人们开始用NMR梯度场和核弛豫的方法,研究活性炭上吸附分子的扩散运动和分子交换运动.由于吸附分子在活性炭上处于不同的状态,其核弛豫表现出快、慢两个过程。通过拟合磁化矢量随时间变化的曲线,可以得到不同状态分子的百分含量。本文采用核弛豫的方法,研究活性炭的表面酸性基团及孔径对被吸附的二氧六环(DO)类固相和类液相形成的影响.并对不同吸附量下,DO在活性炭上的吸附行为进行讨论。     

Exploiting adsorption and desorption at solid–liquid interface for the fluorometric monitoring of glibenclamide in adulterated drinks

Nowadays, the use of a drug to modify a person's behavior with criminal intentions has become a growing public concern. In fact, stealthy drink spiking with certain drugs can cause the incapacitation of a potential victim of assault and in extreme cases can even lead to death. Belonging to the group of drugs used to commit drug-facilitated crimes is glibenclamide, which not only exhibits high sedation secondary effects but when subject to an overdose intake can lead to intense hypoglycemic episodes that could end with death. Suicide attempts and homicides through overdose with glibenclamide have already been reported.     

Study of Pollutant gas Adsorption on Activated Charcoal Using FTIR Spectroscopy

In this study, the efficiency of an air cleaning system, using activated charcoal cartridges, which must operate in a confined atmosphere with particularly high air flow rate, is tested.

A device which generates dynamic polluted atmospheres is described. A continuous quantitative analysis is made by means of the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The pollutants studied are: carbon monoxyde (1500 ppm), sulfur dioxyde (100 ppm), nitrogen dioxyde (50 ppm) and hydrogen chloride (500 ppm). Gas adsorption kinetics on activated carbon are given and discussed by using breakthrough curves.     

Activity of palladium on charcoal catalysts in cross-coupling reactions

Comparison of the activity of several commercially available Pd/C catalysts in C-C, C-N, and C-S bond forming cross-coupling reactions has demonstrated the importance of the choice of the catalyst source. Investigations showed marked difference in activity between the catalysts. Moreover, the catalytic activity of each catalyst varies with respect to the coupling. The first Pd/C catalyzed Hiyama coupling is reported.