A Novel Label-free Chronoamperometric Immunosensor Based on a Biocomposite Material for Rapid Detection of Carcinoembryonic Antigen

In this research, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-capped gold nanoparticles, nickel ferrite particles, and carbon nanotubes were combined to form a PANC metal composite. The prepared metal composite modified onto a glassy carbon electrode was electropolymerized with poly(o-phenylenediamine) and immobilized with horseradish peroxidase, anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibody, and bovine serum albumin to create the label-free immunosensors for rapid detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) using chronoamperometry. This developed biocomposite material modified onto a glassy carbon electrode presented an excellent electrocatalytic response to the redox reaction of hydrogen peroxide as a sensing probe, from which the kinetic parameters including of a charge transfer rate constant, a diffusion coefficient value, an electroactive surface area, and a surface concentration were calculated to be 1.85 s⁻¹, 4.28×10⁻⁶ cm² s⁻¹, 0.14 cm² and 1.87×10⁻⁸ mol cm⁻², respectively. The developed immunosensors also exhibited a wide linear range of CEA concentration from 0.01 to 25 ng mL⁻¹ with high sensitivity (96.21 μA cm⁻² ng⁻¹ mL) and low detection limit (0.72 pg mL⁻¹), excellent selectivity without interfering effects from possible species (amoxicillin, ascorbic acid, aspirin, caffeine, cholesterol, dopamine, glucose, and uric acid), outstanding stability (n=100, %I>50 %), repeatability (%RSD=0.34, n=10), reproducibility (%RSD=4.06, n=10), and rapid analysis (25 s each operation time). This proposed method was successfully applied for CEA detection in whole blood samples with satisfactory results, suggesting that this developed sensing platform may be considered to be exploited for fabrication of other label-free electrochemical immunosensors for the real sample analysis.     

Evaluation of an Element-Tagged Duplex Immunoassay Coupled with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Detection: A Further Study for the Application of the New Assay in Clinical Laboratory

Background: Element-tagged immunoassay coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) detection has the potential to revolutionize immunoassay analysis for multiplex detection. However, a further study referring to the standard evaluation and clinical sample verification is needed to ensure its reliability for simultaneous analysis in clinical laboratories. Methods: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and α-fetoprotein (AFP) were chosen for the duplex immunoassay. The performance of the assay was evaluated according to guidelines from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Moreover, reference intervals (RIs) of CEA and AFP were established. At last, 329 clinical samples were analyzed by the proposed method and results were compared with those obtained with electrochemiluminescent immunoassay (ECLIA) method. Results: The measurement range of the assay was 2–940 ng/mL for CEA and 1.5–1000 ng/mL for AFP, with a detection limit of 0.94 ng/mL and 0.34 ng/mL, respectively. The inter-assay and intra-assay imprecision were all less than 6.58% and 10.62%, respectively. The RI of CEA and AFP was 0–3.84 ng/mL and 0–9.94 ng/mL, respectively. Regarding to clinical sample detection, no significant difference was observed between the proposed duplex assay and the ECLIA method. Conclusions: The ICP-MS-based duplex immunoassay was successfully developed and the analytical performance fully proved clinical applicability. Well, this could be different with other analytes.     

抗癌胚抗原纳米抗体与人Fc融合蛋白在毕赤酵母和HEK293细胞中的表达、纯化和性质比较

通过对不同系统表达的肿瘤标记物癌胚抗原(CEA)纳米抗体与人Fc融合蛋白(11C12-Fc)的表达、纯化及抗体性质等的比较分析,比较不同表达系统的特点及其对融合抗体性质的影响;从而为CEA融合纳米抗体在体内检测方面的应用提供理论依据。构建两种11C12-Fc表达系统(Pichia pastoris和HEK293)相应的表达载体和菌株,分别进行诱导表达、分离纯化;并对其纯化产物的生物学活性等进行初步研究。成功构建了毕赤酵母、HEK293细胞两种CEA纳米抗体融合蛋白(11C12-Fc)表达系统并实现11C12-Fc的胞外分泌表达;通过protein A柱及阴离子交换层析纯化,获得了较高纯度和浓度的11C12-Fc样品;通过突变糖基化位点的方式有效去除了毕赤酵母表达11C12的过度糖基化作用;并且其抗体亲和力较突变前未发生明显改变,与HEK293细胞表达的11C12-Fc都表现出较高的亲和力。毕赤酵母和HEK293系统均能够表达具有较高生物活性的11C12-Fc,后续的科研或生产可根据实际需要和条件来合理选择表达系统。为后续的纳米抗体融合蛋白规模化生产、体内诊断与靶向治疗的应用提供了理论和技术参考。     

Electro‐nano Diagnostic Platforms for Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Cancer Biomarkers

In this study, a bimetallic nanomaterial‐based electrochemical immunosensor was developed for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) cancer biomarkers at the same time. CEA and VEGF biomarkers are indicators for colon and breast cancers and stomach cancers, respectively. During the study, gold nanoparticle (AuNp), lead nanoparticle (PbNp), copper nanoparticle (CuNp) and magnetic gamma iron(III)oxide (γFe₂O₃ Np) were synthesized, characterized and used together for the first time in the structure of an electrochemical biosensor based on anti‐CEA and anti‐VEGF. For this purpose, Au SPE based sandwich immunosensor was fabricated by using labeled anti‐CEA (labeled with Pb⁺²) and labeled anti‐VEGF (labeled with Cu⁺²). As a result, CEA and VEGF biomarkers were detected following the oxidation peaks of label metals (Pb⁺² and Cu⁺²) by using differential pulse voltammetry. After the experimental parameters were optimized, the linear range was found in the concentration range between 25 ng/mL and 600 ng/mL with the relative standard deviation (RSD) value of (n=3 for 600 ng/mL) 3.33 % and limit of detection (LOD) value of 4.31 ng/mL for CEA biomarker. On the other hand, the linear range was found in the concentration range between 0.2 ng/mL and 12.5 ng/mL with the RSD value of (n=3 for 12.5 ng/mL) 5.31 % and LOD value of 0.014 ng/mL for VEGF biomarker. Lastly, sample application studies for synthetic plasma sample and interference studies with dopamine, ascorbic acid, BSA, cysteine and IgG were carried out.     

Highly conducting gold nanoparticles-graphene nanohybrid films for ultrasensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen

A new label-free amperometric immunosensor was developed for detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) based on chitosan-ferrocene (CS-Fc) and nano-TiO₂ (CS-Fc + TiO₂) complex film and gold nanoparticles-graphene (Au-Gra) nanohybrid. CS-Fc + TiO₂ composite membrane was first modified on a bare glass carbon electrode. Then Au-Gra nanohybrid was formed on the CS-Fc + TiO₂ membrane by self-assembly strategy. Next, further immobilization of anti-CEA was constructed according to the strong interaction between Au-Gra and the amido groups of anti-CEA. Since Au-Gra nanohybrid films provided a congenial microenvironment for the immobilization of biomolecules, the surface coverage of antibody protein could be enhanced and the sensitivity of the immunosensor has been improved. The good electronic conductive characteristic might be attributed to the synergistic effect of graphene nanosheets and Au NPs. The modified process was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Under optimized conditions, the resulting biosensor displayed good amperometric response to CEA with linear range from 0.01 to 80 ng/mL and a detection limit of 3.4 pg/mL (signal/noise = 3). The results demonstrated that the immunosensor has advantages of high conduction, sensitivity, and long life time. This assay approach showed a great potential in clinical applications and detection of low level proteins.     

One step electrochemically deposited nanocomposite film of chitosan-carbon nanotubes-gold nanoparticles for carcinoembryonic antigen immunosensor application

A simple and controllable one-step electrodeposition method for the preparation of a chitosan-carbon nanotubes-gold nanoparticles (CS-CNTs-GNPs) nanocomposite film was used to fabricate an immunosensor for detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The porous three-dimensional CS-CNTs-GNPs nanocomposite film, which offered a large specific surface area for immobilization of antibodies, exhibited improved conductivity, high stability and good biocompatibility. The morphology of the formed nanocomposite film was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the electrochemical behaviors of the immunosensor were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Under the optimal conditions, the proposed immunosensor could detect CEA in two linear ranges from 0.1 to 2.0 ng mL⁻¹ and from 2.0 to 200.0 ng mL⁻¹, with a detection limit of 0.04 ng mL⁻¹. The immunosensor based on CS-CNTs-GNPs nanocomposite film as the antibody immobilization matrix could exhibit good sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility for the determination of CEA.     

Glucose oxidase as a blocking agent-based signal amplification strategy for the fabrication of label-free amperometric immunosensors

An effective electrochemical signal amplification strategy based on enzyme membrane modification and redox probe immobilization was proposed to construct an amperometric immunosensor.L-cysteine@ferrocene functionalized chitosan,which possessed not only efficient redox-activity but also excellent film-forming ability,was coated on the bare glass carbon electrode. Moreover,the thiol groups(SH)in the ferrocenyl compound were used for gold nanoparticles immobilization via the strong bonding interaction,which co...     

Review of recent advances in the preparation of organic polymer monoliths for liquid chromatography of large molecules

In recent years the use of monolithic polymers in separation science has greatly increased due to the advantages these materials present over particle-based stationary phases, such as their relative ease of preparation and good permeability. For these reasons, these materials present high potential as stationary phases for the separation and purification of large molecules such as proteins, peptides, nucleic acids and cells. An example of this is the wide range of commercial available polymer-based monolithic columns now present in the market.     

抗人癌胚抗原单克隆抗体的研制及其在免疫组化中的应用

以高纯CEA为抗原,免疫BALB／c小鼠．取其脾细胞和小鼠SP2／0-Ag14骨髓瘤细胞融合．经2次亚克隆。建立3株稳定分泌抗CEA特异性单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。应用经纯化的该单克隆抗体进行了结肠癌组织切片的免疫组织化学实验．结果显示全部3种抗CEA单克隆抗体对结肠癌亚细胞组分均呈现特异性结合。表明已筛选出适于制作癌胚抗原临床诊断试剂盒所需的特异性单克隆抗体。     

化学发光免疫测定技术在检测肿瘤患者CEA中的应用

目的将化学发光免疫测定(Chemiluminescence immunoassay)方法应用于血清CEA测定.方法以L9(34)正交设计确定化学发光免疫测定方法检测血清CEA的最适实验条件,并对方法的特异性、敏感性和重复性进行评价.结果化学发光免疫测定方法测定血清CEA的最适实验条件为:CEA McAb包被质量浓度10mg/L,ABEI-CEAMcAb结合物使用发光强度为1.0×104mV,Hemin浓度为5μmol/L,H2O2质量分数为0.3%.结论化学发光免疫测定方法检测血清CEA特异性强、重复性好、敏感性超过ELISA和RIA方法,且与ELISA和RIA方法高度相关.