球孢白僵菌对七种蚜虫的感染反应——时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析

通过以球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)菌株SGBB8601系列浓度的分生孢子悬液(10~4～10~8孢子/mL)对俄罗斯麦双尾蚜(Diuraphis noxia)、麦无网长管蚜(Metopolophium dirhodum)、麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae)、麦二叉蚜(Schizaphis graminum)、玉米蚜(Rhopalosiphum maidis)、禾谷缢管蚜(R padi)和忽布疣额蚜(Phorodon humuli)等七种蚜虫的体表接种试验,运用时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析了该菌株作用于上述寄主的剂量、时间及其互作效应。所测菌株对所有蚜虫均具有毒力,接种后七日的LD_(50)为1.25×10~5～114.82×10~5孢子/mL,毒力因蚜种而异,双尾蚜和忽布疣额蚜最为敏感,玉米蚜与禾谷缢管蚜的敏感性相对较低,其余居间。这些结果表明所试菌株具有作为蚜虫微生物防治候选因子的潜势。本研究采用的分析方法较传统的Probit或Logit分析方法有显著的优越性,将时间和剂量效应的分析统一到一个模型中,使时间与剂量效应的互作评价成为可能。笔者介绍了该模型的生物学基础和建模步骤,并讨论了在生物学研究领域的应用前景。     

Continuous production of extracellular l-glutaminase by ca-alginate-immobilized marine Beauveria bassiana BTMF S-10 in packed-bed reactor

l-Glutamine amidohydrolase (l-glutaminase, EC 3.5.1.2) is a therapeutically and industrially important enzyme. Because it is a potent antileukemic agent and a flavor-enhancing agent used in the food industry, many researchers have focused their attention on l-glutaminase. In this article, we report the continuous production of extracellular l-glutaminase by the marine fungus Beauveria bassiana BTMF S-10 in a packed-bed reactor. Parameters influencing bead production and performance under batch mode were optimized in the order-support (Na-alginate) concentration, concentration of CaCl₂ for bead preparation, curing time of beads, spore inoculum concentration, activation time, initial pH of enzyme production medium, temperature of incubation, and retention time. Parameters optimized under batch mode for l-glutaminase production were incorporated into the continuous production studies. Beads with 12×10⁸ spores/g of beads were activated in a solution of 1% glutamine in seawater for 15 h, and the activated beads were packed into a packed-bed reactor. Enzyme production medium (pH 9.0) was pumped through the bed, and the effluent was collected from the top of the column. The effect of flow rate of the medium, substrate concentration, aeration, and bed height on continuous production of l-glutaminase was studied. Production was monitored for 5 h in each case, and the volumetric productivity was calculated. Under the optimized conditions for continuous production, the reactor gave a volumetric productivity of 4.048 U/(mL·h), which indicates that continuous production of the enzyme by Ca-alginate-immobilized spores is well suited for B. bassiana and results in a higher yield of enzyme within a shorter time. The results indicate the scope of utilizing immobilized B. bassiana for continuous commercial production of l-glutaminase.     

Evidence for transmission of aphid-pathogenic fungi by migratory flight of Myzus persicae alates

The alates of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, were daily trapped from the air from late October through early January and carried to laboratory for determination of fungal infection by individually rearing them for 7 d on detached cabbage leaves in Petri dishes. Among 760 alates trapped, 266 (35%) were found carrying various fungal pathogens, 87.3% of them died due to mycosis during the first 3-day period of rearing and the rest died in the following two days. Most of the deaths of the alates were attributed to entomophthoralean fungi, taking 94.4%, and the rest were the hyphomycetous fungus Beauveria bassiana. Among the Entomophthorales-killed alates, P. neoaphidis took a proportion of 66.1%, Z. anhuiensis 22.6%, E. planchoniana 9.7%, and N. fresenii 1.6%, respectively. Two alates were found suffering from cross infection of two fungal species, i.e. P. neoaphidis with Z. anhuiensis and N. fresenii, respectively. The results represent the first report on transmission of aphid-pathogenic fungi by M. persicae alates through migratory flight.     

Evidence for transmission of aphid-pathogenic fungi by migratory flight of Myzus persicae alates

The alates of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, were daily trapped from the air from late October through early January and carried to laboratory for determination of fungal infection by individually rearing them for 7 d on detached cabbage leaves in Petri dishes. Among 760 alates trapped, 266 (35%) were found carrying various fungal pathogens, 87.3% of them died due to mycosis during the first 3-day period of rearing and the rest died in the following two days. Most of the deaths of the alates were attributed to entomophthoralean fungi, taking 94.4%, and the rest were the hyphomycetous fungus Beauveria bassiana. Among the Entomophthorales-killed alates, P. neoaphidis took a proportion of 66.1%, Z. anhuiensis 22.6%, E. planchoniana 9.7%, and N. fresenii 1.6%, respectively. Two alates were found suffering from cross infection of two fungal species, i.e. P. neoaphidis with Z. anhuiensis and N. fresenii, respectively. The results represent the first report on transmission of aphid-pathogenic fungi by M. persicae alates through migratory flight.     

小蜻蜓尺蛾Cystidia couaggaria (Guenée)生物学特性及白僵菌防治效果

小蜻蜓尺蛾［Cystidia couaggaria (Guenée)］是红叶石楠的一种重要害虫。2018—2020年，对明溪、福州等地红叶石楠林开展调查，对小蜻蜓尺蛾形态特征和生物学特性进行初步观察，同时开展球孢白僵菌（Beauveria bassiana）防治幼虫试验。结果表明，该虫在明溪、福州1 a发生1代，以卵越冬，翌年3月中旬越冬卵孵化为幼虫，4月下旬化蛹，5月中旬羽化成虫，3 d后开始产卵。利用1.0×108孢子·mL-1悬浮液防治幼虫，施菌后9 d，幼虫死亡率为78.3%~84.0%，防治效果良好。     

油茶毒蛾高毒力白僵菌菌株的筛选

通过比较4株白僵菌菌株的产孢量及其对油茶毒蛾的致病力,结果发现白僵菌菌株Bf08,B01,产孢量分别为（5．1±0．4）×10^8,（3．4±0．4）×10^8孢子／cm^2,接种油茶毒蛾后其巩。分别为5．64,6．62d,说明对这两个菌株油茶毒蛾的毒力很强,是可用于油茶毒蛾防治的优良白僵菌菌株。     

柳杉毛虫高毒力白僵菌Bbd3菌株的筛选及应用

对天然柳杉毛虫僵虫组织分离纯化,选取8株菌株在PDA 虫尸培养基上培养,在比较菌粉质量以及不同菌株室内外毒力测定试验基础上,筛选出菌丝生长快、产孢时间短、产孢量高、对柳杉毛虫毒力强的2株Bbd3和Bbd6高毒力白僵菌优良菌株,将具最优品质的Bbd3菌株大规模生产和大面积防治应用,菌粉平均含孢量达3.09×1010个/g,平均孢子萌发率达99.1%,平均防治效果达92%以上。     

球孢白僵菌的孢子萌发及其细胞内异染质的研究

通过研究球孢白僵菌分生孢子及芽生孢子的萌发过程及其细胞内含物异染质小体的变化,发现芽生孢子的萌发率及生长速率高于分生孢子,生长不同阶段芽生孢子的大小百分率的变化有一定规律性,并发现细胞内异染质小体在不同萌发细孢中分布的不均一性.通过扫描电镜观察发现分生孢子形态构成的稳定性及其产生的微循环产孢现象和萌发孢子的连接现象.     

球孢白僵菌对棉铃虫细胞防御反应的影响

研究了球孢白僵菌（Ｂｅａｕｖｅｒｉａｂａｓｓｉａｎａ）对棉铃虫（Ｈｅｌｉｏｔｈｉｓｚｅａ）细胞防御反应的作用发现五龄棉铃虫幼虫对球孢白僵有强烈的细胞防御能力，表明为吞噬作用和细胞集结作用，但伴随基结球孢白僵菌的细胞防御反应过程，棉铃虫的全血细胞，粒血细胞和浆血细胞的数量均下降，有吞噬能力的血细胞数量和比例也急剧减少，而球孢白僵菌却具有克服棉铃虫细胞吞噬和细胞集结的能力，能在虫体血腔中萌发和生长繁殖     

Ovicidal activity of two fungal pathogens （Hyphomycetes）against Tetranychus cinnabarinus （Acarina：Tetranichidae）

The carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinna-barinus, is an economically important pest that devastates varieties of crops worldwide and develops significant resistance to common chemical pesticides, most of which lack ovicidal activity. In the present study, two isolates of entomopathogenic fungi, Beuaveria bassiana SG8702 and Pae-cilomyces fumosoroseus Pfrl53, were bioassayed against T. cinnabarinus eggs at 25 ℃ under a photophase of 12 : 12 (L:D). Infected eggs on Vicia faba var. minor leaves failed to hatch due to distortion and shrinkage and had fungal outgrowths when maintained under moist conditions. Sprays of B. bassiana conidia to T. cinnabarinus eggs (on leaves) at the concentrations of 58, 298 and 1306 conidia/mm2 (3 replicates per concentration and 35-65 fresh mite eggs per replicate) resulted in corrected egg mortalities of 20.4±4.2%, 36.0±7.6% and 64.6±12.5% (F=43.14, P <0.01), respectively; sprays of P. fumosoroseus at 129, 402 and 2328 conidia/mm2 caused egg mortalities of 16.1±11.1%,