A comparison of measured room acoustics metrics using a spherical microphone array and conventional methods

The traditional microphone configuration used to measure room impulse responses (IRs) according to ISO 3382:2009 is an omnidirectional and figure-8 microphone pair. IRs measurements were taken in a 2500-seat auditorium to determine how the results from a spherical microphone array (an mh acoustics Eigenmike-em32) compare to those from the traditional microphone setup (a Brüel & Kjær Type-4192 omnidirectional microphone and a Sennheiser MKH30 figure-8 microphone). Measurements were obtained at six receiver locations, with three repetitions each in order to first evaluate repeatability. The metrics considered in this study were: reverberation time (T30), early decay time (EDT), clarity index (C80), strength (G), lateral energy fraction (J_LF) and late lateral energy level (L_J). Before calculating these quantities, the IRs were filtered to equalize the frequency response of the microphones and sound source. For the spherical array measurements, the omnidirectional (monopole) and figure-8 (dipole) patterns were extracted using beamforming. In terms of repeatability, the average standard deviation of the three measurements at each receiver location averaged across all metrics, receivers, and octave bands was found to be 0.01 just noticeable differences (JNDs). The analysis comparing the measurements from the two microphone configurations yielded differences which were less than 1 JND for the majority of metrics, with a few exceptions of EDT and C80 slightly above 1 JND. Based on this case study, these results indicate that spherical microphone arrays can be used to obtain valid room IR measurements, which will allow for the development of new metrics utilizing the higher spatial resolution made possible with spherical arrays.     

Design of robust differential microphone arrays with the Jacobi–Anger expansion

Due to their small size, differential microphone arrays (DMAs) are very attractive. Moreover, they have been effective in combating noise and reverberation. Recently, a new class of DMAs of different orders have been developed with the MacLaurin’s series and the frequency-independent patterns. However, the MacLaurin’s series does not approximate well the exponential function, which appears in the general definition of the beampattern, when the intersensor spacing is not small enough. To circumvent this problem, we propose in this paper to approximate the exponential function with the Jacobi–Anger expansion. Based on this approximation and the frequency-independent Chebyshev patterns, we derive first-, second-, and third-order DMAs. Furthermore, in order to improve the robustness of DMAs against white noise amplification, we propose to use more microphones combined with minimum-norm filters. It is also shown that the Jacobi–Anger expansion is optimal from a mean-squared error perspective. Simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed DMAs.     

Trace gas detection of benzene,toluene, p-, m- and o-xylene with a compact measurement system using cantilever enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy and optical parametric oscillator

A compact measurement system based on a novel combination of cantilever enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (CEPAS) and optical parametric oscillator (OPO) was applied to the gas phase measurement of benzene, toluene, and o-, m- and p-xylene (BTX) traces. The OPO had a band width (FWHM) of 1.3 nm, was tuned from 3237 to 3296 nm in steps of 0.1 nm and so spectra of BTX at different concentrations were recorded. The power emitted by the OPO increased from 88 mW at 3237 nm to 103 mW at 3296 nm. The univariate detection limits (3σ, 0.951 s) for benzene, toluene, p-, m- and o-xylene at 3288 nm were 12.0, 9.8, 13.2, 10.1 and 16.0 ppb, respectively. Multivariate data analysis using science-based calibration was used to resolve the interference of the analytes. The multivariate detection limits (3σ, 3237–3296 nm, 591 spectral points each 0.951 s) for benzene, toluene, p-, m- and o-xylene in the multi-compound sample, where all other analytes and water interfere were 4.3, 7.4, 11.0, 12.5 and 6.2 ppb, respectively. Without interferents, the multivariate detection limits varied between 0.5 and 0.6 ppb. The sum of the cross-selectivities (3237–3296 nm, 591 spectral points, each 0.951 s) per analyte were below 0.05 ppb/ppb, with an average of 0.038 ppb/ppb. The cross-selectivity of water to the analytes was on average 1.22 × 10⁻⁴ ppb/ppb. The OPO is small in size (L × W × H 125 × 70 × 45 mm), commercially available, and easy to operate and integrate to setups. The combination with sensitive CEPAS enables compact measurement systems for industrial as well as environmental trace gas monitoring.     

基于数字式MEMS传感器的声阵列成像系统设计*

常规驻极体传声器阵列成像系统存在数据采集系统复杂、体积大的问题,因而阵列传感器数量一般不超过60个,成像质量较差。为此,本文以数字式MEMS声传感器基础设计了260个传感器的声阵列,数据采集系统由FPGA控制,并嵌入到前端阵列中,后端是在另一个FPGA控制下的1个DSP芯片和2个PC104模块组成的集成系统,其中高速DSP芯片完成阵列信号处理以实现声成像功能。该系统能够实现对普通车间环境下机械设备噪声、气体泄漏噪声的现场成像测试,形成动态声像图。测试表明,该系统抗干扰能力强、声像分辨率高、成像速度快,实用效果良好。     

一种平面传声器阵列在声源定位中的研究

空域中声源定位主要利用传声器阵列到达时间差(TDOA)技术实现,为避免阵列自身精度对测量的影响和复杂的计算,提出一种便捷的平面十字形传声器阵列模型,分析声源定位TDOA技术和模型在三维空间中的应用,给出了定位算法和误差公式,论证了模型在构造、计算方面的优势。系统虽在精度等方面有待进一步提高,但对无源定位的方法和阵列构造有较强的实用价值,在各类阵列技术领域中有广泛的应用前景。     

传声器阵列原理与应用

主要介绍了传声器阵列的基本原理、结构组成及声学效果,简要叙述传声器阵列在通信与PC设备中的基本应用与市场发展前景。     

一种用于电容式MEMS麦克风的读出电路

在分析电容式MEMS麦克风工作原理的基础上,提出了一种用于电容式MEMS麦克风的读出电路.该读出电路包括低极点频率的高通滤波器和低噪声单位增益缓冲器,高通滤波器用来读出MEMS麦克风在声压作用下产生的小信号,单位增益缓冲器用来隔离高通滤波器和后续信号处理电路,并提供较大的驱动能力.仿真结果表明,当电源电压在1.2～3.6V之间时,读出电路都可以正常工作,且静态电流小于60 μA,等效输入噪声为5.2 μV,电压增益大于-1.56 dB(83.6％).由于消除了失调电压的影响,电路可以处理幅度范围为50 μV～200 mV的小信号(参考X-FAB 0.35 μm CMOS工艺).     

基于旋转式反射镜的飞行视觉系统设计

在MEMS麦克风贴片工艺中,真空吸嘴吸取MEMS芯片以后需要进行芯片位姿的精确校正。为实现高速高精度贴片功能,提出了一种基于旋转式反射镜的飞行视觉系统,该方案利用齿轮齿条将吸嘴的升降运动转化为反射镜的旋转运动,通过设计齿轮参数,实现反射镜不干涉吸嘴的拾放功能。当反射镜旋转到与水平位置夹角呈45°时,视觉系统可以获得MEMS芯片的静止的清晰图像,CCD相机采集一幅图像后,在贴片头飞行的过程中,控制系统完成MEMS芯片的位置和角度的校正。实验结果表明,该系统可以获取高质量MEMS芯片图像。该系统结构简单紧凑,成像无失真,不限制贴片头的运动轨迹,显著提高了MEMS芯片的贴片质量和贴片效率,可广泛地应用于贴片机系统中。     

基于传声器阵列的语音增强技术

介绍了几种传声器阵列语音增强算法,包括固定波束形成、自适应波束形成、传声器阵后维纳滤波,并对各算法的性能和特点进行了分析。同时,对近几年基于传声器阵的语音增强技术的发展趋势进行了简单介绍。     

一种基于麦克风阵列的声源定位算法研究

麦克风阵列声源定位广泛应用于视音频会议系统及枪声定位系统等领域。提出了一种基于最小熵值（ME）的麦克风阵列声源定位新方法,其特点在于利用最小熵值方法对麦克风阵列进行时延估计,并与离散网格方法相结合,对声源进行空间搜索。实验结果表明,在同等混响或噪声条件下,该方法定位优于广义互相关-相位变换方法（GCC-PHAT）。