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An increasing number of biotechnology projects are being brought to commercialization using conventional structured finance
sources, which have traditionally only been available to proven technologies and primary industries. Attracting and securing
competitive cost financing from main-stream lenders, however, will require the sponsor of a new technology or process to undergo
a greater level of due diligence. The specific areas and intensity of investigation, which are typically required by lenders
in order to secure long-term financing for biotechnology-based manufacturing systems, is reviewed. The processes for evaluating
the adequacy of prior laboratory testing and pilot plant demonstrations is discussed. Particular emphasis is given to scale-up
considerations and the ability of the proposed facility design to accommodate significant modifications, in the event that
scale-up problems are encountered. 相似文献
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有关符号感知下的旅游体验真实性研究已引起广泛关注,然而基于编码者视角的符号研究并不能完全认识符号的多元属性,也无法完全理解体验真实性的意义。以西安回民街为例,结合旅游商业化、旅游符号和体验真实性的相关理论,从游客视角对民族文化旅游街区的商业化符号进行识别和解读,并对旅游商业化符号感知与体验真实性之间的关系进行定量分析。结果表明,可识别的回民街商业化符号包括旅游商业环境符号、旅游空间环境符号、社会经营管理符号、商业及商品经营符号、现代化感知符号和地方认知符号。其中,地方认知符号感知对体验真实性有显著正向作用,其余商业化符号对体验真实性无显著抑制作用。 相似文献
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中国纤维素乙醇技术的研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
中国面临着严重的能源短缺和环境污染问题,中国政府正在局部几个省份内政策性鼓励燃料乙醇生产和使用.尽管当前主要是用玉米和谷物作为生产乙醇的原料,然而中国具有大量潜在的低成本的纤维素生物质原料,可以极大地扩大乙醇的产量,降低原料成本.近20年来,由于技术的革命性进步,已使得纤维素乙醇的生产成本从4美元/加仑以上,降低至约1.2-1.5美元/加仑.其中,每吨生物质约44美元.因此,目前乙醇掺汽油具有十分强的市场竞争力.已有几个公司正在建造首批商业纤维素乙醇工厂,虽然这些刚起步的小型设施在合理利用和管理上风险较小,但规模经济需要较大型工厂.尽管配送生物质原料的成本会随需求的增加而增加,但在乙醇生产基础上的生物精炼技术的发展,尤其是化工产品和动力的协同生产,将会使全过程的经济可行性大大提高.进一步深入的基础研究,将解决低成本下实现纤维素的完全利用,以确保在无政策性补贴的前提下,真正使纤维素乙醇成为具有市场竞争力的低成本纯液体燃料. 相似文献
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中国面临着严重的能源短缺和环境污染问题,中国政府正在局部几个省份内政策性鼓励燃料乙醇生产和使用。尽管当前主要是用玉米和谷物作为生产乙醇的原料,然而中国具有大量潜在的低成本的纤维素生物质原料,可以极大地扩大乙醇的产量,降低原料成本。近20年来,由于技术的革命性进步,已使得纤维素乙醇的生产成本从4美元/加仑以上,降低至约1.2—1.5美元/加仑。其中,每吨生物质约44美元。因此,目前乙醇掺汽油具有十分强的市场竞争力。已有几个公司正在建造首批商业纤维素乙醇工厂,虽然这些刚起步的小型设施在合理利用和管理上风险较小,但规模经济需要较大型工厂。尽管配送生物质原料的成本会随需求的增加而增加,但在乙醇生产基础上的生物精炼技术的发展,尤其是化工产品和动力的协同生产,将会使全过程的经济可行性大大提高。进一步深入的基础研究,将解决低成本下实现纤维素的完全利用,以确保在无政策性补贴的前提下,真正使纤维素乙醇成为具有市场竞争力的低成本纯液体燃料。 相似文献
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Lon E. Bell 《Journal of Electronic Materials》2009,38(7):1344-1349
The time it takes for new thermoelectric materials to make the transition from first announcement in peer-reviewed publications
to commercialization is undesirably long. As a result, universities, laboratories, government agencies, commercial users,
and venture funding providers throughout the world have not supported research in the field to the level that would be expected
for such an otherwise promising technology. This delay also has led to some misdirection of research efforts and a lack of
availability of dependable long-term sponsorship commitments to research in the field. From the perspective of commercial
users, this presentation discusses the challenges that the thermoelectric material research community faces in creating materials
of commercial value. These challenges are broken down into objectives for both the traditional research activities related
to improving ZT and those efforts needed to satisfy other, less recognized requirements which, if unaddressed, can significantly impede or
even prevent commercialization. The ZT thresholds that enable much larger markets are presented for power generation, cooling, heating, and temperature control
materials. Other important considerations, including semiconductor to metal interface (metallization) properties, material
stability and constituent requirements, and costs and environmental-impact-related requirements are discussed. At the system
level, factors that impede material development are identified, including challenges arising from a lack of property measurement
repeatability among different organizations. Approaches and results are compared with that of the more heavily funded and
rapidly developing photovoltaic field. The presentation concludes with recommendations for measures to accelerate thermoelectric
material commercialization.
International Conference on Thermoelectrics (August 3–7, 2008, Corvallis, Oregon, USA). 相似文献
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通过对澳大利亚邮政的考察和学习,介绍该国的邮政发展现状,提出了值得中国邮政借鉴的地方,供全国邮政系统同行参考。 相似文献
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提出一种有效的为新技术找到与之匹配的市场机会的系统方法——反向质量功能配置(R-QFD)。对R-QFD的基本概念、定义、实施方法进行了深入的阐述,并举了一个实例说明R-QFD方法的应用。R-QFD作为一种系统的技术评价、匹配、搜索体系,在技术的商品化、企业转产、诊断和改造诸方面都有潜在的应用价值 相似文献