桑蚕种样本良卵数偏差控制方法研究

桑蚕种良卵率是蚕种质量检验的重要指标,控制样本间良卵数偏差是保证良卵率准确性的关键.运用概率理论,针对目前生产上绝大多数批次的良卵率p 99%情况,在置信概率为95%下,样本卵粒数在1601~1700、1701~1800、1801~1900、1901~2000区间内时,给出了样本良卵数的容许偏差分别为16、17、17、18粒;当良卵率p在99%~90%其他区间时,也分别给出了不同克卵粒数情况下样本良卵数的容许偏差.同时在置信概率为90%下,给出了不同克卵粒数情况下样本良卵数的容许偏差.结合实际调查结果,对理论方法进行了比较,确认了理论方法的准确性,为蚕业生产提供了一套控制良卵数偏差的可行性方案.     

桑蚕丝素蛋白初始结构对其矿化作用的影响

以碱金属离子诱导桑蚕丝素蛋白溶液发生构象转变, 研究了蛋白质初始结构对其矿化作用的影响. FT-IR, XRD和SEM等测试结果显示, 未经任何处理的桑蚕丝素蛋白溶液矿化后形成片状复合物, 其无机相以二水磷酸氢钙(DCPD)为主; 而经过K^＋和Na^＋金属离子处理后, 桑蚕丝素溶液的结构由无规线团/螺旋构象向β-折叠发生转变, 矿化后成纤维状, 并相互结合呈现纳米级的三维多孔结构, 其无机相以热力学稳定的羟基磷灰石(HA)为主. 可以认为, 丝素蛋白结构转化为较伸展的β-折叠后, 使得更多的亲水基团暴露在外面, 在丝素蛋白分子不断凝聚成纤过程中, HA结晶快速生长并附着在这些微纤上, 最终形成纤维状的丝素蛋白/HA复合物. 该结果为阐明蛋白质的生物矿化过程及其调控机理提供了理论依据, 同时可以从矿化复合物的形成来反映这些微量元素可能对骨组织形成的影响, 为临床骨组织的修复提供一定的参考.     

Conformational Transformation Exhibited by the Peptide Extracted from Crystalline Region of Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin in Solid and Solution States

The conformational transformation of a 30-residue peptide H（Ala-Gly-Ser-Gly-AIa-Gly）5OH, i.e., （AGSGAG）5, extracted from highly crystalline region of Bombyx mori （B. mori） silk fibroin was described by using the high resolution solid state 13^C NMR, and CD spectroscopies. Based on the conformation-dependent 13^C NMR chemical shifts of the Ala, Gly and Ser residues and the line-shape analysis of the conformation sensitive Ala Cβ resonance, the peptide revealed a strong preference for silk Ⅱ structural form, i,e,, an antiparallel fl-sheet structure （φ= - 140±20°and ψ= 135±20°） in solid state. On the contrary, the CD spectra of this peptide in the two non-native hexafluorinated fibre spinning solvents, hexafluoroisopropanol （HFIP） and hexafluoroacetone （HFA）, exhibited the existence of an unusual tightly-folded conformation resembling 310-helix （φ=- 60±20° and ψ=-30±20°）, as judged from the R ratio of [θ]222/[θ]203 in HFIP solution, whereas a dynamically averaged unordered structure in HFA, Taken together, the information inclined to hypothesis that the primary structure of the highly crystalline regions of B. mori silk fibroin may be easily accessible to the large conformational changes, which in turn may be critical for facilitating the structural transformation from unprocessed silk fibroin （silk I form） to processed silk fiber （silk Ⅱform）.     

Colored Fluorescent Silk Made by Transgenic Silkworms

Silk is a protein fiber used to weave fabrics and as a biomaterial in medical applications. Recently, genetically modified silks have been produced from transgenic silkworms. In the present study, transgenic silkworms for the mass production of three colors of fluorescent silks, (green, red, and orange) are generated using a vector originating from the fibroin H chain gene and a classical breeding method. The suitability of the recombinant silks for making fabrics is investigated by harvesting large amounts of the cocoons, obtained from rearing over 20 thousand silkworms. The application of low temperature and a weakly alkaline solution for cooking and reeling enables the production of silk fiber without loss of color. The maximum strain tolerated and Young's modulus of the fluorescent silks are similar to those of ordinary silk, although the maximum stress value of the recombinant silk is slightly lower than that of the control. Fabrics with fluorescent color are demonstrated using the recombinant silk, with the color persisting for over two years. The results indicate that large amounts of genetically modified silk can be made by transgenic silkworms, and the silk is applicable as functional silk fiber for making fabrics and for use in medical applications.     

桑白皮总黄酮抗糖尿病作用的初步研究

目的：通过建立Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠模型,观察桑白皮总黄酮对糖尿病大鼠作用影响。方法：采用高糖高脂饲养并腹腔注射STZ建立糖尿病大鼠模型,成模大鼠随机分成5组,桑白皮总黄酮高、中、低剂量组,罗格列酮对照组和模型组,每组5只。灌胃给药14天后,测量大鼠空腹血糖和甘油三酯水平,肝糖原含量。结果：桑白皮总黄酮高剂量组和中剂最组可显著降低糖尿病大鼠血糖水平（P〈0．01和P〈0．05）。桑白皮总黄酮高剂量组可降低柑尿病大鼠甘油三酯水平（P〈0．05）和升高肝糖原含量（P〈0．05）,中、低剂量组作用不明显。结论：桑白皮总黄酮可降低Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠血糖和血甘油三酯水平,升高肝糖原含量,具有抗糖尿病作用。     

PURIFICATION,CHARACTERIZATION AND STRUCTURE OF CM_2Ph_1,AN ANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDE FROM Bombyx mori

Using HPLC we purified an antibacterial peptide named CM_2Ph_1 from the hemolymph ofpupae of silkworm (Bombyx mori) immunized with polyI:C. Amino acid composition analysisshowed that CM_2Ph_1 contained 16 kinds of amino acids. Its primary structure determined bythe automatic Edman degradation method is GNFFKDLEKMGQRVRDAVISAAPAVDTLAKA-KALGQ. Its C-terminal residue was assumed to be Gln with a blocking α-carboxylamide bycarboxypeptidases analysis. The purified CM_2Ph_1 was found to have inhibition effects invarying degrees on several bacterial strains. At a concentration of 0.35 μmol/L, CM_2Ph_1could inhibit the growth of 50% E. coli D31 strain. Some other antibacterial peptides were compared with CM_2Ph_1 in respect to their struc-tures and functions. Their homology was also discussed in this paper.     

Strong Reduced Graphene Oxide Coated Bombyx mori Silk

Bombyx mori silks possess great potential in textile industries due to the large-scale green production. However, the demand for silks with functional as well as mechanical properties are continuously rising due to the emergence of other functional textiles. It remains a great challenge to functionalize natural silk and simultaneously improve its mechanical properties. Inspired by the relationship between natural core–sheath structure and mechanical properties of cocoon silk, the application of a thin reduced graphene oxide (rGO) layer coated B. mori silk (GS) is shown via hydrogen interfacial interaction. The resultant rGO-coated silk exhibits a remarkable tensile strength of 1137.7 MPa and toughness of 304.5 MJ m⁻³, which are 1.9 and 2.6 times higher than that of pure B. mori silk, respectively. Moreover, the GS shows a high electrical conductivity of 0.37 S m⁻¹ with great thermal and deformation sensitivity. The bioinspired approach provides a universal and facile strategy for functionalizing natural fibers by applying rGO nanosheets surface coating.     

Stability toward alkaline hydrolysis of B. mori silk fibroin grafted with methacrylamide

Bombyx mori silk fibroin fibers were grafted with methacrylamide (MAA) and characterized by Raman and infrared (IR) vibrational spectroscopy before and after hydrolysis in NaOH 5% to elucidate the possible interactions between the two components and the stability of the fibers toward alkaline hydrolysis. Upon grafting, the fibers underwent conformational rearrangements toward a more unordered state and lost orientation at weight gains higher than 60%. Vibrational spectroscopy disclosed the occurrence of intermolecular interactions (mainly hydrogen bonds) between B. mori silk fibroin and polyMAA in the grafted fibers, and the formation of covalent bonds has been explored. These strong interactions made the grafted fibers as a whole more stable toward alkaline hydrolysis because they prevented the solubilization of the polymer upon hydrolysis and made slower the transformation of its CONH₂ groups into COOH and COO⁻ groups. Upon hydrolysis, silk fibroin underwent an enrichment in the β‐sheet crystalline domains, because of the preferential removal of the unordered domains, which were more prone to the OH⁻ attack. IR and Raman spectroscopy proved valid techniques to investigate the degradation mechanism and kinetics of grafted silk fibroin fibers and so for designing high‐performing silk‐based materials. The A₇₃₁/A₁₀₀₄ Raman intensity ratio was proposed to spectroscopically evaluate the composition of the grafted samples; its value was found to linearly increase with weight gain (R² = 0.998), envisaging the possibility of using Raman spectroscopy as a routine analytical technique for qualitative and quantitative characterization of grafted industrial samples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

蚕丝蛋白的NMR研究Ⅱ.桑、柞蚕丝及其丝素的13C CP-MAS NMR研究

本文在Bruker AC-250和MSL-400谱仪上,首次测试了河南桑蚕茧、丝素及柞蚕黄茧、人工白茧和丝素的固态¹³C CP MAS NMR谱,归属了¹³C NMR谱线,并揭示了白茧和黄茧二级结构的差异。     

柞蚕蛹皮和桑蚕蛹皮的扫描电镜比较观察

将柞蚕蛹皮和桑蚕蛹皮分别经过脱脂，去无机盐、去蛋白质等处理，并用扫描电镜进行比较观察，结果表明，经不同处理的蛹皮在内、外表面形貌，几丁质、气门的结构，以及有无刚毛上差别很大，但在蛋白质，几丁质和无机盐三者的存在方式上两者基本相同，即几丁质与蛋白质形成复合体并构成蛹皮的壳骨架，颗粒状无机盐均匀分布在该复合体的内部，均呈平行于蛹皮表面的层状分布，这为制定提取蛹几丁质的工艺路线提供了依据。