Toward multiple maximum power point estimation of photovoltaic systems based on semiconductor theory

Environmental conditions, such as temperature, non‐uniform irradiation, and solar shading, deeply affect the characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) modules in PV‐assisted generation systems. Several local maximum power points (MPPs) are found in the power–voltage curve of PV systems constructed by series/parallel‐connected PV modules under partially shaded conditions. The characteristics of PV systems change unpredictably when multiple MPPs occur, so the actual MPP tracking (MPPT) becomes a difficult task. Conventional MPPT methods for the PV systems under partially shaded conditions cannot quickly find the actual MPP such that the optimal utilization of PV systems cannot be achieved. Based on the p–n junction semiconductor theory, we develop a multipoint direct‐estimation (MPDE) method to directly estimate the multiple MPPs of the PV systems under partially shaded conditions and to cope with the mentioned difficulties. Using the proposed MPDE method, the multiple MPPs of the PV systems under partially shaded conditions can be directly determined from their irradiated current–voltage and power–voltage characteristic curves. The performances of the proposed MPDE method are evaluated by examining the characteristics of multiple MPPs of PV systems with respect to different shading strengths and numbers of the shaded PV modules and also tested using the field data. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed MPDE method can simply and accurately estimate the multiple MPPs of the PV systems under partially shaded conditions. The optimization of MPP control models and the MPPT for PV systems could be achieved promisingly by applying the proposed method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Maximum power point tracker based on maximum power point resistance modeling

This paper presents a new, simple, accurate, and inexpensive practical methodology and experimental solution for the modeling of conventional (domestic and commercial facilities) photovoltaic generators (PVG), so that they can work at their maximum power point (MPP). The PVG may be a panel, an array of panels, or a photovoltaic field. As a starting restriction (actual) it has to be assumed that it is not possible to isolate the PVG variables dependence (mainly current, voltage, and hence power) with solar radiation and temperature, because they are highly correlated. This methodology proposes the modeling facility on its MPP by its MPP resistance (R_MPP = V_MPP/I_MPP), being V_MPP and I_MPP the voltage and current of the PVG, respectively, at its MPP. The analysis shows, by simulation first and then experimentally, that R_MPP does not present significant temperature dependencies, at least in the usual range. This important result allows us to model the PVG only in terms of solar radiation. From a set of experimental data, different models to estimate R_MPP are proposed. The obtained results are very accurate. These models allow an immediate practical application that it is also developed in the paper: MPP tracker (MPPT) design by the calculation of the DC/DC converter duty cycle which places the PVG at its MPP directly and continuously. This new methodology and experimental system has been registered in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office with the number P201530352. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自适应单纯太阳能路灯控制器的设计

基于改善季节性负载光伏太阳能路灯运行可靠性的目的,采用新一代自适应单纯太阳能供电路灯控制器设计的方法,通过功率调节,电量检测和剩余电量计算、组网功能等对蓄电池的充、放电以及路灯的开、关、最大功率跟踪等智能控制,提高了太阳能电池的转换效率,延长了蓄电池的使用寿命,降低产品造价。得到了自适应单纯太阳能供电路灯控制器是提高季节性负载光伏太阳能路系统可靠性保证的结论。     

基于ATmega128的光伏并网发电系统设计

光伏并网发电已成为目前发展最快、应用面最广的光伏能源应用技术。在光伏系统中,由于电池光电转换效率过低,导致其不能以最大功率输出,最大功率点跟踪（MPTT）是光伏并网发电系统中的核心技术。系统采用单片机ATmega128作为核心芯片输出SPWM信号,实现最大功率点跟踪功能、频率相位跟踪功能、输入欠压保护功能以及输出过流保...     

具有最大功率跟踪控制的太阳能LED路灯智能控制系统

针对太阳能路灯系统中太阳能光伏电池的输出效率不高的问题,提出把固定电压法、变步长与扰动观察法相结合得到的一种改进的最大功率点跟踪(Maxi Power Point Tracking,MPPT)算法,设计和实现了太阳能LED路灯智能控制系统。该系统不仅能进行太阳能最大功率的跟踪,并且还能根据时间、环境的光强等参数来智能控制LED路灯的亮度。实验结果表明,该系统能有效提高光伏电池的使用效率,实现节能。     

独立型光伏系统的研究与设计

介绍独立光伏转换系统的一般构架,提出了独立型光伏发电系统设计。为研究太阳能电池最大功率点跟踪的算法,首先建立了太阳能电池的仿真模型,然后利用此模型,在MATLAB中对扰动观察法和电导增量法这两种常用的方法进行仿真验证,接下来介绍蓄电池三阶段充电的控制策略。最后通过实验验证了此系统的可行性。     

电源优化器技术:集中式与分布式MPPT的分析和比较

本文在解释电池板不匹配现象的基础上分析了电池参数的微小变化影响PV陈列系统性能的原因。此外,文章深入剖析了用于解决电池板不匹配问题的电源优化器技术,并列举了与集中式最大功率点跟踪（MPPT）和传统解决方案相比,电源优化器支持的分布式MPPT的潜在优点。     

基于MPPT技术的太阳能发电的路灯控制系统案例分析

将MPPT技术引入到太阳能路灯控制系统中,以降低其成本,提高太阳能路灯的可靠性。采用单片机C8051F330控制太阳能路灯工作过程,并采用Buck电路引入最大功率跟踪技术,增强了太阳能光伏电池的转换效率。着重对太阳能路灯控制系统的硬件电路设计进行论述,并设置MPPT技术电路的主要器件的参数,对整个路灯控制系统的设计流程进行了分析。     

Modeling and design of 3-D MPPT for ultra low power RF energy harvesters

Radio-Frequency (RF) energy harvesting must cope with the limited availability and high variability of the energy source. In this paper, the modeling of an RF harvester for ultra low power environments is presented. A mathematical model based on theoretical analysis is developed. The model demonstrates that the maximum transferred power point is located in a three-dimensional space defined by the input capacitance, the output voltage, and the load resistance of the rectifier circuit. Moreover, the mathematical model returns results in substantial agreement with the SPICE simulation results, while guaranteeing a remarkable reduction of the required computation time. Furthermore, the paper reports the implementation of a mixed signal system for the 3-D MPPT, to be embedded in an RF harvester, in a 65 nm CMOS technology. The circuit exhibits a simulated power consumption lower than 100 nW, making this solution suitable for ultra low power harvesting.     

Comparative study of maximum power point tracking techniques for hybrid renewable energy system

The power generation demand is increasing day-by-day throughout the world, therefore, the use of hybrid systems becomes a significant solution. The hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) is used for delivering power in various regions in order to overcome intermittence of wind and solar resources. Because of increasing environmental problems, for example, greenhouse gas emission and energy cost have interested novel research into substitute methods in favour of electrical power generation. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control method is a vast deal of novel research used for enhancing the efficiency of HRES. The authors have revealed that the hybrid techniques i.e. Global MPPT, fuzzy-neuro systems, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Perturbed and Observe (P&O) + Adaptive Neural Network (ANN) etc. can provide best results as compared to other MPPT control methods. This paper offering a state of art review of MPPT control techniques for HRES.