Synthesis and antibody conjugation of magnetic nanoparticles with improved specific power absorption rates for alternating magnetic field cancer therapy

Bionized nanoferrite (BNF) particles with high specific power absorption rates were synthesized in the size range of 20–100 nm by high-pressure homogenization for targeted cancer therapy with alternating magnetic fields. Several strategies were used to conjugate antibodies to the BNF particles. These strategies were compared using an immunoassay to find optimal conditions to reach a high immunoreactivity of the final antibody–particle conjugate.     

Zn and Zr co-doped M-type strontium hexaferrite: Synthesis,characterization and hyperthermia application

In the present study, hard ferromagnetic (M-type strontium hexaferrite) SrFe₁₂O₁₉ was co-doped by Zn and Zr for magnetic hyperthermia applications. As a result of the high concentration of single domain SrFe₁₂O₁₉ nanoparticles (suspended in the ferrofluid), they found a large hydrodynamic diameter, which caused a long-time Brownian relaxation under the AC magnetic field. On the other hand, increasing the Zn-Zr content (low concentration of SrFe₁₂O₁₉) led to a drop in anisotropy, which coincided with a short-time N´eel relaxation. All of the substituted samples with a multi-disperse state in ferrofluid exhibited an almost equal amount of the N´eel and Brownian effects. Consequently, the magnetic saturation (M_s) was considered as the dominant factor in the specific absorption rate (SAR) of the substituted samples. Transformation to the mono-disperse state was followed by the decrease of the Brownian relaxation time and hence the increase of the SAR. The interesting point in mono-disperse state was the heat generation of pure SrFe₁₂O₁₉ under the AC magnetic field as a result of the decrement of the Brownian relaxation time.     

Size effects in monodomain magnetite based ferrofluids

Ferrofluids based on two types of hybrid particles Fe₃O₄/β-cyclodextrin were prepared: Using monodomain (below 60 nm) magnetite nanoparticles with (A) non-superparamagnetic (non-SPM) behaviour and (B) with superparamagnetic (SPM) behaviour. We found a strong dependence of the hybrid particles’ magnetic properties on their size and homogeneity. In both types of ferrofluids we observed hyperthermia upon applying an ac electromagnetic field with frequency 40 kHz and amplitude 30 kA/m. The maximal ΔТ upon irradiation with duration of about 12 min for the non-SPM particles was 12 °C, while for the SPM ones it was 3.5 °C.     

Gd substituted NiCa ferrite/poly vinyl alcohol nanocomposite

Magnetic nanocomposite material composed of poly vinyl alcohol encapsulated Ni_0.2Ca_0.8Gd_0.08Fe_1.92O₄ was synthesized by a two step chemical method including sol-gel combustion and solvent casting technique. The obtained samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction; transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results of spectroanalysis pointed towards the existence of a considerably feasible interaction between the polymer chain and the ferrite particles. The dc magnetization measurements divulged that both pristine and the nanocomposite samples under applied magnetic field exhibit no hysteretic behavior at room temperature, symptomatic of the superparamagnetic behavior. The departure of field cooled and zero field cooled curves in the moment-versus-temperature plot further confirmed the room temperature superparamagnetic behavior. The extrapolation of the slope of the curves to M=0 imparted the average value of Curie temperature at ∼323 K (50 °C) for both the samples, suggestive of the efficacy of the material for finding application in self controlled hyperthermia.     

微波近场成像检测乳腺癌及其微波热疗

介绍了微波热疗机理及人体乳房组织的电磁特性，指出微波近场成像检查乳腺癌的优势及其发展历程，并提出微波诊断和微波热疗在乳腺癌检测和治疗中应用的可能发展方向。     

水冷式微波偶极子辐射器在生物介质中的SAR分布计算

本文从电磁场理论模型出发，分析地腔内水冷式微波偶极子辐射器在生物介质中的近场辐射特性，计算得到有水冷时的比吸收率（ＳＡＲ）分布形态。与无水冷时的ＳＡＲ分布比较表明，水冷可改善热区分布，增加治疗深度。该结果与工程经验和临床实际基本相符。     

Simulating physiological conditions to evaluate nanoparticles for magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) therapy applications

Magnetite nanoparticles with high self-heating capacity and low toxicity characteristics are a promising candidate for cancer hyperthermia treatment. In order to achieve minimum dosage to a patient, magnetic nanoparticles with high heating capacity are needed. In addition, the influence of physiological factors on the heat capacity of a material should be investigated in order to determine the feasibility. In this study, magnetite nanoparticles coated with lauric acid were prepared by co-precipitation of Fe³⁺:Fe²⁺ in a ratio of 2:1, 5:3, 3:2, and 4:3, and the pH was controlled using NaOH. Structural and magnetization characterization by means of X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) revealed that the main species was Fe₃O₄ and further showed that most of the nanoparticles exhibited superparamagnetic properties. All of the magnetic nanoparticles showed a specific absorption rate (SAR) increase that was linear with the magnetic field strength and frequency of the alternating magnetic field. Among all, the magnetic nanoparticles prepared in a 3:2 ratio showed the highest SAR. To further test the influence of physiological factors on the 3:2 ratio magnetic nanoparticles, we simulated the environment with protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA), blood sugar (dextrose), electrolytes (commercial norm-saline) and viscosity (glycerol) to examine the heating capacity under these conditions. Our results showed that the SAR value was unaffected by the protein and blood sugar environments. On the other hand, the SAR value was significantly reduced in the electrolyte environment, due to precipitation and aggregation with sodium ions. For the simulated viscous environment with glycerol, the result showed that the SAR values reduced with increasing glycerol concentration. We have further tested the heating capacity contribution from the Néel mechanism by trapping the magnetic nanoparticles in a solid form of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to eliminate the heating pathway due to a Brownian motion. We measured the heating capability and determined that 47% of the total heat generated by the magnetic nanoparticles was from the Néel mechanism contribution. For evaluating magnetic nanoparticles, this method provides a fast and low cost method for determining qualitative and quantitative information measurement for the effect of physiological interference and could greatly reduce the cost and time by in vitro or animal test.     

Highly sensitive room-temperature method of non-invasive in vivo detection of magnetic nanoparticles

Methods of non-invasive in vivo quantification of magnetic nanoparticles (MP) have been proposed and realized. The methods are based on non-linear MP magnetization at two frequencies and measuring the response at combinatorial frequencies. The first method is developed for real-time study of MP dynamics and their clearance from the blood system of animals. High sensitivity of 3 ng of Fe₃O₄ in 0.1 ml was achieved for MP detection in mice tail veins. The second technique is proposed for MP detection inside animal tissues by an external probe. The proposed methods could essentially widen capabilities of biomedical research which involves magnetic nanoparticles.     

Effect of poly (ethylene glycol) coating on the magnetic and thermal properties of biocompatible magnetic liquids

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of poly(ethylene glycol) surface-active coating on the magnetic and thermal properties of biocompatible magnetic liquids. The data were analyzed using the high-temperature approximation model taking into account polydispersity of a system. Heating ability of the PEG-stabilized magnetic fluids was determined by the calorimetric measurement of specific absorption rate (SAR) at a frequency of 750 kHz and a magnetic field of 0-2 kA/m. MF-Oleate/PEG heating properties were found to be comparable to the ones of MF-Oleate. The PEG shell thus does not seem to effect the thermal characteristics and SAR values and might make the magnetic fluid useful for application in hyperthermia treatment.     

磁性纳米颗粒在生物医学领域中的应用

磁性纳米颗粒作为一种新型纳米材料,在许多领域,特别是在生物医药、生物工程等方面具有广阔的应用前景.本文着重论述了近年来磁性纳米颗粒在生物分离、靶向给药、热疗以及磁共振成像对比剂等方面的应用,并对其应用前景进行了展望.