Generation of anti-azoxystrobin monoclonal antibodies from regioisomeric haptens functionalized at selected sites and development of indirect competitive immunoassays

Azoxystrobin is a modern strobilurin fungicide used around the world to combat prime diseases affecting highly valuable crops. Accordingly, residues of this chemical are frequently found in food, even though mostly under maximum tolerated levels. We herein describe the development of an indirect competitive immunoassay for the determination of azoxystrobin residues. A panel of monoclonal antibodies displaying subnanomolar affinity to azoxystrobin was generated using, as immunizing haptens in mice, four functionalized derivatives carrying the same spacer arm located at different rationally chosen positions. This collection of antibodies was thoroughly characterized with homologous and heterologous antigens, and the immunoassay consisting of monoclonal antibody AZo6#49 and the coating conjugate OVA–AZb6, which displayed an IC₅₀ value of 0.102 μg L⁻¹ and a LOD of 0.017 μg L⁻¹, was eventually optimized. The response to different pH and ionic strength conditions of the specific assay was studied using a biparametric approach. In addition, the influence of Tween 20 and organic solvents over the assay parameters was also evaluated. After optimization, the developed immunochemical assay was applied to the analysis of azoxystrobin in spiked juices of relevant fruits and vegetables, showing excellent recoveries between 2 and 500 μg L⁻¹.     

超宽带技术及其在CATV中的应用

介绍超宽带 (UWB)无线通信技术的概念及其基本工作原理 ,包括信号特性、多址方式、收发机结构及UWB无线标准等 ,并介绍UWB应用于宽带同轴电缆 ,特别是CATV/HFCS中的技术     

超宽带技术及其在CATV中的应用

介绍超宽带(UWB)无线通信技术的概念及其基本工作原理,包括信号特性、多址方式、收发机结构及UWB无线标准等,并介绍UWB应用于宽带同轴电缆,特别是CATV/HFCS中的技术.     

High Frequency Circuit Simulator: An Advanced Electromagnetic Simulation Tool for Microwave Sources

High Frequency Circuit Simulator (HFCS) is developed as an advanced electromagnetic simulation tool for microwave sources, which is based on Finite Integration Technique (FIT). In this paper, the detail of the design and realization of HFCS is provided and for validation one actual Helical Slow-Wave Structure (HSWS) is fully analyzed. Convergent process is studied and the cold-test characteristics (including dispersion, coupling impedance and attenuation constant) are calculated and compared with those from MAFIA. The consistency of the results of these two simulation tools has proved the reliability and validity of HFCS.