Stabilities in field electron emissions from noble‐metal covered W nano‐tips: apex structure dependence

We observed field emission microscopy (FEM) patterns of noble‐metal (NM) covered W nano‐tips with three different apex structures fabricated by field evaporation. Each of the three tips was terminated with a single atom, three atoms or ten atoms. We investigated the temporal changes in the FEM of these tips to discuss the stabilities in the spatial distributions of the field emission (FE) beams. The single‐atom tip showed two characteristics that were superior to the others. First, the beams emitted from the single‐atom tip were the most collimated among the three tips (the semi‐cone angle of 1.0° , FWHM). Second, adsorption of residual gas had little influence on FE from the single‐atom tip, while the other tips were easily contaminated even at ultra high vacuum, resulting in the emission fluctuation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Surface composition of alloys

The practical importance of alloy surfaces in catalysis, corrosion andother aspects of materials performance is widely recognized. What is needed now is sufficient knowledge of the relationship between externally controllable factors — alloy composition, temperature, environment — and surface properties — composition, structure, chemical activity — to control materials performance in these applications. Our purpose here is to review progress in determining and predicting the relationship between one surface property, composition, and certain externally controllable variables: overall composition, temperature, environment and physical form.We find that theoretical treatments of metal alloy surface composition now include essentially all significant physical effects and can predict values for most parameters of interest. Though improvements are still possible, the accuracy of predictions is more often limited by uncertainties or absence of the basic data for the calculations (e.g., thermochemical values) than by the models themselves.Alloy surface composition can now be measured well. The first monolayercomposition of large alloy slabs can be determined quantitatively over a wide temperature range in ultra-high vacuum. Difficulties with specimens of practical interest still challenge experimentalists. Among these are supported catalysts, surfaces under chemisorbed layers and composition of layers below the first. Significant progress is being made and we expect the next few years will see success.     

稀疏阵列的FIM波束形成

运用插值技术对等距稀疏阵列进行FIM（傅里叶积分法）波束形成处理,不仅有效地增加了阵元数目,而且解决了等距稀疏阵列因阵元间距大于半波长而引起的信号角度模糊问题,同时采用FIM波束形成技术提高了指向性性能和抑制相关干扰噪声性能。通过对插值技术和FIM波束形成技术的研究,给出了设计虚拟阵列的计算步骤。通过对仿真数据和实测声呐海试数据进行处理证实了该方法的有效性。     

Fabrication of <1 1 0> oriented tungsten nano-tips by field-assisted water etching

We report the field-assisted H₂O etching that enabled us to fabricate nano-tips from polycrystalline <1 1 0> oriented tungsten wires at room temperature. We optimized the sharpening procedure in order to obtain field emissions (FEs) with high collimation. The typical tip apex was composed of a large base and a nano-protrusion with a radius of curvature less than 3.5 Å. The narrowest opening angle (full width at half maximum) of the FE was 4.3° at 150 pA. We prepared two types of tips using two different applied bias voltages during the H₂O etching. The electron microscope images and the analysis of Fowler-Nordheim (FN) plots revealed that the sizes of the individual bases depended on the fixed bias voltages during the H₂O etching and affected their FE properties. In addition, we could confirm that the FE current from the nano-tip was more stable than that of the normal tip.     

分布式全相参雷达相干参数估计性能

针对部分收发共置的分布式全相参雷达,该文首先建立了全发任意收的混合结构,然后在发射多脉冲条件下推导了相干参数估计的克拉美-罗界(CRB)闭式解,研究了相干参数估计性能与收发天线数及脉冲数之间关系。结论表明:共置天线较分置天线能够获得更低的相干参数估计CRB,增加收发天线数或脉冲数,能够降低相干参数估计CRB。最后的仿真实验验证了研究结论的正确性。     

Combined field ion microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of heavy ion damage in tungsten

Abstract

A field ion microscopy (FIM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigation of radiation damage in tungsten after heavy ion bombardment has been carried out. Field ion specimens of tungsten were irradiated with 180–230 keV Xe⁺ ions. The irradiation doses were varied between 4 × 10¹¹ and 4 × 10¹² ions/cm². The irradiated specimens were examined in FIM. Experiments combining both TEM and FIM were performed in order to compare the results obtainable by these two methods. The distribution of defects visible by TEM was inhomogeneous. The influence of the imaging field in FIM on the defects visible in TEM is discussed.     

Exploring Semantic Association Rules Between Keyword and Visual Feature Clusters for Web Image Retrieval

The semantic gap is a big challenge in image retrieval area. Previous studies in web image retrieval have mainly focused on Relevance feedback （RF） and Latent semantic indexing （LSI） to alleviate the gap. This paper proposes an approach base on Frequent itemset mining （FIM） and Association rule （AR） techniques, which explores the semantic association rule between the two modalities that are represented by keyword and visual feature clusters. The rules are obtained oftline based on the inverted file, and utilized in query process online to realize the integration of the two modalities of web im- ages. Our approach improves the retrieval performance and is scalable well, as well as satisfies the requirement of the web users with no additional interactions. The exper- iments are carried out in our web image retrieval system named VAST （VisuAl ＆ SemanTic image search）, and the results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Optimal 3D Angle of Arrival Sensor Placement with Gaussian Priors

Sensor placement is an important factor that may significantly affect the localization performance of a sensor network. This paper investigates the sensor placement optimization problem in three-dimensional (3D) space for angle of arrival (AOA) target localization with Gaussian priors. We first show that under the A-optimality criterion, the optimization problem can be transferred to be a diagonalizing process on the AOA-based Fisher information matrix (FIM). Secondly, we prove that the FIM follows the invariance property of the 3D rotation, and the Gaussian covariance matrix of the FIM can be diagonalized via 3D rotation. Based on this finding, an optimal sensor placement method using 3D rotation was created for when prior information exists as to the target location. Finally, several simulations were carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with the existing methods, the mean squared error (MSE) of the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation using the proposed method is lower by at least 25% when the number of sensors is between 3 and 6, while the estimation bias remains very close to zero (smaller than 0.15 m).     

Adsorption of a water soluble cationic dye into a cationic Langmuir monolayer

This communication reports the successful adsorption of a water soluble cationic fluorescent dye Rhodamine B (RhB) into a cationic Langmuir monolayer of Octadecylamine (ODA). Anionic nano clay platelets Hectorite played an important role in the process of adsorption. Surface pressure vs. area per molecule (π–A) isotherms were studied to monitor the adsorption process. In-situ fluorescence Imaging Microscopic (FIM) technique was employed to visualize the domain structures formed at the air–water interface. Atomic Force Microscopic (AFM) image of the monolayer Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films were taken to study the morphology and ultrastructure of the film. Detailed spectroscopic investigations were carried out on the mono- and multilayer Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films.