The property of being polynomial for Mal’tsev constraint satisfaction problems

A combinatorial constraint satisfaction problem aims at expressing in unified terms a wide spectrum of problems in various branches of mathematics, computer science, and AI. The generalized satisfiability problem is NP-complete, but many of its restricted versions can be solved in a polynomial time. It is known that the computational complexity of a restricted constraint satisfaction problem depends only on a set of polymorphisms of relations which are admitted to be used in the problem. For the case where a set of such relations is invariant under some Mal’tsev operation, we show that the corresponding constraint satisfaction problem can be solved in a polynomial time. __________ Translated from Algebra i Logika, Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 655–686, November–December, 2006.     

The Direct Resolution of the Enantiomers of Four Chiral Pesticides

Cellulose-tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate)(CDMPC) were synthesized as highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chiral stationary phase(CSP). The successful resolution of four chiral pesticides on the CSP was realized and the influence of the temperature on the separation was studied.     

Chromatographic evaluation of perphenylcarbamoylated β-cyclodextrin bonded stationary phase for micro-high performance liquid chromatography and pressurized capillary electrochromatography

Application of mono (6^A-N-ethylenediamine-6^A-deoxy) perphenylcarbamoylated β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) bonded stationary phase (CSP) in micro-high performance liquid chromatography (micro-HPLC) and pressurized capillary electrochromatography (p-CEC) was firstly presented. A series of racemic α-amidophosphonates were resolved in reversed- and normal-phase modes on this CSP. The investigated chromatographic parameters include retention factor (k′), separation factor (α) and resolution (Rs) of solutes. In addition, the structural variation of the solutes and the experimental factors affecting chiral separations have been examined, including the percentage of alcohol modifier, the linear velocity (u) of the mobile phase, electrical field strength, etc. Baseline separation was achieved for most of the entities. Hydrophobic interaction, steric effect and π-π interaction contribute to the possible mechanism. Comparative results indicate that higher Rs value up to 3.1 was found in micro-HPLC, higher efficiency up to 29,970 in p-CEC.     

Chiral separation of triazole pesticide enantiomers by high performance liquid chromatography

Four triazole enantiomers of diclobutrazol (erythro form) (1), paclobutrazol (erythro form) (2), diniconazole (3) and uniconazole (4) have been separated by high performance liquid chro-matography (HPLC) on chiral stationary phase (CSP) OA-4700. Chromatographic data and a chiral recongnition model are presented for the separation of these pesticide enantiomers. The influence of column temperature and composition of mobile phase have been described.     

微电子封装与电子整机的微小型化进程

电子整机的微小型化体现在其尺寸小、厚度薄、重量轻上,体现在它们的高性能、多功能、高可靠、便携化、卡片化上;而达到这些性能的关键及基础是适应电子整机需要的微电子封装技术的不断进步,用先进封装技术“武装”各类电子整机。二者密切结合、相互促进、协同发展、共同提高,引领着电子整机微小型化发展的大趋势。文章沿着微电子发展的脉络论述了二者向更高阶段发展的必由之路。     

FOW在叠层CSP封装中的应用

随着电子封装微型化、多功能化的发展,三维封装已成为封装技术的主要发展方向,叠层CSP封装具有封装密度高、互连性能好等特性,是实现三维封装的重要技术。针对超薄芯片传统叠层CSP封装过程中容易产生圆片翘曲、金线键合过程中容易出现0BOP不良、以及线孤（wireloop）的CPK值达不到工艺要求等问题,文中简要介绍了芯片减薄方法对圆片翘曲的影响,利用有限元（FEA）的方法进行芯片减薄后对悬空功能芯片金线键合（Wirebond）的影响进行分析,Filmon Wire（FOW）的贴片（DieAttach）方法在解决悬空功能芯片金线键合中的应用,以及FOW贴片方式对叠层CSP封装流程的简化。采用FOW贴片技术可以达到30％的成本节约,具有很好的经济效益。     

脑-机接口中基于ERS/ERD的自适应空间滤波算法

在与运动相关的脑-机接口(Brain-Computer Interface,BCI)研究中,如果样本规模小,共同空间模式(Common Spatial Patterns,CSP)滤波算法对离群点(可能为噪声)敏感,鲁棒性不好.为此该文提出自适应空间滤波(Adaptive Spatial Filter,ASF)算法,抽取滤波后脑电信号的方差作为特征,并寻找最优滤波器使两类特征中心的比值最大.与CSP不同,ASF是迭代算法,具有软判决机制,能够依据历代更新后的滤波器,自适应地降低离群点对各类特征中心计算带来的影响.采用BCI competition 2003和2005中两套数据集进行实验,结果表明:尤其是在训练样本少的情况下,相对于CSP,ASF所提取的特征分类效果更好.     

安全协议的一种CSP开发框架

论文基于系统的API平台提出安全协议的一种CSP开发框架,将形式化方法与高级语言有机结合起来,实现了协议由形式化说明转换为可执行代码处理过程的自动化,有利于快捷准确地将已完成CSP验证的安全协议翻译为可执行代码,避免了在将CSP描述转换为可执行代码预处理过程中引入安全隐患的可能性。     

A CSP and tabulation-based adaptive chemistry model

We demonstrate the feasibility of a new strategy for the construction of an adaptive chemistry model that is based on an explicit integrator stabilized by an approximation of the Computational Singular Perturbation (CSP)-slow-manifold projector. We examine the effectiveness and accuracy of this technique first using a model problem with variable stiffness. We assess the effect of using an approximation of the CSP-slow-manifold by either reusing the CSP vectors calculated in previous steps or from a pre-built tabulation. We find that while accuracy is preserved, the associated CPU cost was reduced substantially by this method. We used two ignition simulations – hydrogen–air and heptane–air mixtures – to demonstrate the feasibility of using the new method to handle realistic kinetic mechanisms. We test the effect of utilizing an approximation of the CSP-slow-manifold and find that its use preserves the order of the explicit integrator, produces no degradation in accuracy, and results in a scheme that is competitive with traditional implicit integration. Further analysis on the performance data demonstrates that the tabulation of the CSP-slow-manifold provides an increasing level of efficiency as the size of the mechanism increases. From the software engineering perspective, all the machinery developed is Common Component Architecture compliant, giving the software a distinct advantage in the ease of maintainability and flexibility in its utilization. Extension of this algorithm is underway to implement an automated tabulation of the CSP-slow-manifold for a detailed chemical kinetic system either off-line, or on-line with a reactive flow simulation code.     

新一代BGA封装技术

本文主要介绍了 BGA 封装技术的一个分支——新一代 BGA 封装技术:略大于 IC 的载体 BGA(SLICC BGA),缩小型 BGA(m MGA),微型 BGA(μBGA),芯片尺寸封装(CSP),超级焊球阵列封装(Super BGA),混合 BGA 和现场可编程互连器件(FPID)BGA 封装技术。此类技术封装的电路特点是体积更小、成本低、优良的散热性能和电性能。