Influence of the surface morphology on the melting of polymer crystals. I. Loops of random length and adjacent reentry

A polymer crystal with a noncrystalline surface layer formed by chain loops of different lengths is considered. It is assumed that the length of each loop can be changed by longitudinal diffusion of the molecule through the crystal lattice. From the condition that the free energy of the system is minimum, the loop length distribution and the average loop length as function of temperature are calculated. In contrast to the results for loops of equal length, for the present model, a substantial thickness of the noncrystalline surface layer and a broad melting range is obtained also for the case of adjacent reentry. In order to get this result one has to take into account that even an “ideal fold” consists of at least four rigidly arranged CH2 groups in energetically unfavored conformation.     

湛江港湾海产动物污染残毒的测定与评价

介绍了用原子吸收分光光度法等测定湛江港湾海产动物的污染残毒水平，并对其残毒水平及海产品质量进行了评价。     

具有剩余寿命且排队空间有限的M/G/1排队模型非负解的存在唯一性

研究了以剩余寿命作为增补变量,排队空间有限的M/G/1排队模型,利用泛函分析中线性算子半群的积分半群理论讨论了该模型的瞬态解的存在唯一性问题。     

特高含水期井震结合注采系统挖潜调整研究

进入特高含水期后,开展注采系统调整挖潜剩余油是油田持续稳产的关键.为了提高特高含水阶段油田采收率,提出井震结合方法精细标定构造层位、认识储层特征,构建地质模型并数值模拟剩余油分布,针对剩余油应用井震结合解释成果设计注采系统调整方案并优化相应注水强度.实验区块研究结果表明:特高含水期,采用井震结合注采系统调整方法最终产油量和采收率分别提高31.21×10~4t和1.54%,能够达到有效挖潜剩余油的目的;而改变注水强度对最终开发效果影响显著,随着注水强度增加,采收率先增大后减小,存在最佳的注水强度为9m~3/d·m.     

葡I组油层聚驱后剩余油分布情况及挖潜措施

大庆南五区葡Ⅰ油层组从2005年开始进行聚驱开发.根据大庆油田第二采油厂提供的动、静态数据,采用数值模拟方法,分析了葡Ⅰ油层组聚驱后剩余油分布规律,结果表明:PI组聚驱后剩余油主要集中在P12b、P12c剩余油潜力巨大;聚驱后可以采用调剖、堵水、重复压裂、井网调整等措施进行挖潜.研究结果为葡Ⅰ油层组后续开发提供了指导依据.     

渤海稠油及其组分中杂原子化合物的负离子电喷雾-高分辨质谱分析

采用沉淀法和色谱分离法将渤海某油田稠油分离成沥青质、胶质、剩余分3个组分。采用负离子电喷雾技术(ESI)结合高分辨傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱仪(FT-ICR MS)研究了该稠油及各组分的分子组成。结果表明,剩余分中有较少的极性杂原子化合物能被负离子ESI电离,如N_1,N_1O_1,O_1和O_2类,其等效双键数(DBE)较小。胶质和原油中极性化合物有相同的杂原子类型,包括N_1,N_1O_1,N_1O_2,N_2,N_2O_2S_1,O_1,O_2,其中胶质和原油中N_1,O_1,O_2类化合物的DBE-碳数分布图相似。沥青质中富集高缩合度且多杂原子的酸性化合物,如含杂原子N_,S的氧化程度高的化合物(N_2O_1,N_1O_3,S_1O_3)及O_3类化合物,这些物质具有较高的界面活性,易吸附在界面上促进界面张力降低和增强界面膜强度,从而有利于乳状液稳定存在。N_1O_1,N_1O_2,N_1O_3类化合物,N_2O_1类化合物可能分别是N_1化合物,N_2化合物的氧化降解产物;随着氧化降解程度增加,降解产物的极性明显增强。     

Toward one nanometer X-ray focusing: a complex refractive lens design

We report a design for one nanometer X-ray focusing by a complex refractive lens, which is capable of focusing 20 keV X-rays down to a lateral size of 0.92 nm （full-width at half-maximum （FWHM）） and an axial size of 98 nm （FWHM） with intensity gain of 49050. This complex refractive lens is comprised of a series of kinoform lenses, whose aperture is gradually matched to the converging trace of the X-ray beam so as to increase the numerical aperture （NA）. The theoretical principle of the proposed complex refractive lens is presented. The NAs of these lenses are calculated. The numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed design can focus the X-ray beam into sub-nanometer while remaining high gain.     

聚驱后油田剩余油潜力分布规律研究

综合考虑剩余油饱和度、厚度、渗透率、孔隙度、相带、原始含油饱和度、注水井距离等7个因素,利用模糊综合评价方法,以大庆油田北一二排西块为例,计算了该区块8个沉积聚驱后剩余油潜力,并分析聚驱后剩余油潜力分布特征.结果表明,聚驱后仍有比较大的剩余油潜力;聚驱后剩余油潜力主要集中在高渗透、厚度较大、剩余油饱和度较高、河道砂等高级别沉积相带的区域;聚驱后在潜力值为0～0.2区间内的剩余油储量很小,潜力值为0.4～0.6区间内的剩余油储量最大,而潜力值为0.6～0.8区间内剩余油储量次之.     

Bondesson's functions in reliability theory

Bondesson's functions in reliability theory are shown to be related to a recursive sequence of probability distributions. These are the ‘higher-order’ versions of the mean remaining lifetime in an equilibrium renewal process. Based on these functions, classes of distribution functions can be defined. This paper will investigate these classes and place Bondesson's work in the content of the other work done in reliability theory. Connections are made with the decreasing variance residual lifetime class and stochastic ordering. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

既有铁路钢桥剩余疲劳寿命的概率性评估

中国铁路线上大量既有钢桥承受着日益繁重的交通荷载,其疲劳剩余寿命与使用安全已受到桥梁管理部门的高度重视,为避免不必要的维护与更换,应建立合理的既有钢桥使用安全评估方法。在建立能反映铆接钢桥疲劳破坏机理的脆断和韧断概率失效模型基础上,给出了疲劳可靠性分析的极限状态方程,并合理确定了随机变量的参数取值。建立了铆接钢桥构件双角钢概率疲劳破坏模型,基于Monte Carlo算法实现了铆接钢桥构件双角钢疲劳断裂失效概率的计算,编制了相应的概率断裂分析程序DAPFF。进而将概率断裂力学评估方法应用于京九线赣江桥的时变疲劳可靠度分析,并给出了赣江桥概率疲劳剩余寿命评估结果与维护对策。