纳米材料用于放疗防护的研究进展

放射治疗是利用高能射线抑制癌细胞增殖的治疗方法,已广泛用于恶性肿瘤的治疗.但是,高能射线不可避免地会对机体的正常组织造成损害,产生放疗相关副作用.尽管目前有一些小分子放疗防护药物已应用于临床或处于临床前研究,但其较短的血液循环时间和较快的新陈代谢速度极大地削弱了其防护效果.近20年来,随着纳米技术在生物医学领域的飞速发展,纳米放疗防护剂的出现为提高防护效果提供了新的选择.通过合理地设计和开发纳米放疗防护剂,有望解决现有小分子放疗防护药物的缺陷.鉴于纳米放疗防护剂具有诸多优势,本综述概述了纳米放疗防护材料的常见设计策略,同时分析了放射诱导的常见疾病的致病机制和纳米放疗防护材料防治各种放射诱导疾病的研究现状.最后,还讨论了纳米材料用于放疗防护所面临的挑战和未来前景.     

γ射线探测与住宅辐射防护

利用近代物理实验中γ射线的探测方法，测量了家庭装饰建材的γ辐射剂量率，比较了花岗岩及釉面砖等天然和人工合成建材的放射性水平，给出其超标的概率；研究了居室面积对放射性水平的影响；指出了低放射性石材具有安全防护作用．     

二烯丙基二硫对12C6+离子束辐照损伤小鼠的保护作用研究

研究大蒜素重要活性成分二烯丙基二硫( Diallyl disulfide, 简称DADS) 对12C6+离子束辐照损伤小鼠的保护作用。利用4 Gy 剂量12C6+离子束对不同浓度DADS 预处理的雄性昆明小鼠进行单次全身照射。随后检测骨髓细胞微核率和肝组织中丙二醛(MDA) 含量、蛋白质总羰基含量、总抗氧化能力( TAOC)及谷丙转氨酶(ALT ) 活性。结果显示,与单纯照射组相比,低浓度DADS 预处理组骨髓细胞微核率和肝组织ALT 活性均显著降低(p<0.001),而肝组织T-AOC明显增强( p < 0.05 );中浓度DADS 预处理组肝组织中MDA 含量和蛋白质总羰基含量均显著减少( p < 0.05 )。结果提示,DADS通过抑制氧化应激,有效地保护了脂质、蛋白质和遗传物质免受12C6+离子束辐照引起的损伤。The radioprotective effect of Diallyl disulfide (DADS) on 12C6+ ion irradiation was studied. Pretreated with DADS of different concentration, male Kung-Ming mice were exposed to whole body irradiation with dosage of 4 Gy 12C6+ ion. The animals were sacrificed after irradiation. Then the bone marrow cells micronucleus rate, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, content of protein carbonylation, total antioxidant capacity ( T-AOC) and alanine aminotransferase ( ALT ) activity were measured. As compared with those in irradiated group, the ratio of micronucleus cells in marrow and the hepatic ALT activity in the pretreatment group with low dose DADS decreased significantly ( p < 0.001 ). Similarly,the content of protein carbonylation and the levels of MDA droped dramatically in the group with middle dose DADS treatment ( p < 0.05 ). On the contrary, the hepatic T-AOC increased markedly in the group of pretreatment with low dose DADS ( p < 0.05 ). The results showed that DADS protect lipoid, protein and genetic material from 12C6+ ion irradiation by right of resisting oxidative stress.     

Could Polyphenols Really Be a Good Radioprotective Strategy?

Currently, radiotherapy is one of the most effective strategies to treat cancer. However, deleterious toxicity against normal cells indicate for the need to selectively protect them. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species reinforce ionizing radiation cytotoxicity, and compounds able to scavenge these species or enhance antioxidant enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) should be properly investigated. Antioxidant plant-derived compounds, such as phenols and polyphenols, could represent a valuable alternative to synthetic compounds to be used as radio-protective agents. In fact, their dose-dependent antioxidant/pro-oxidant efficacy could provide a high degree of protection to normal tissues, with little or no protection to tumor cells. The present review provides an update of the current scientific knowledge of polyphenols in pure forms or in plant extracts with good evidence concerning their possible radiomodulating action. Indeed, with few exceptions, to date, the fragmentary data available mostly derive from in vitro studies, which do not find comfort in preclinical and/or clinical studies. On the contrary, when preclinical studies are reported, especially regarding the bioactivity of a plant extract, its chemical composition is not taken into account, avoiding any standardization and compromising data reproducibility.     

Radioprotective Effects of Kelulut Honey in Zebrafish Model

Large doses of ionizing radiation can damage human tissues. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the radiation effects as well as identify effective and non-toxic radioprotectors. This study evaluated the radioprotective effects of Kelulut honey (KH) from stingless bee (Trigona sp.) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Viable zebrafish embryos at 24 hpf were dechorionated and divided into four groups, namely untreated and non-irradiated, untreated and irradiated, KH pre-treatment and amifostine pre-treatment. The embryos were first treated with KH (8 mg/mL) or amifostine (4 mM) before irradiation at doses of 11 Gy to 20 Gy using gamma ray source, caesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs). Lethality and abnormality analysis were performed on all of the embryos in the study. Immunohistochemistry assay was also performed using selected proteins, namely γ-H2AX and caspase-3, to investigate DNA damages and incidences of apoptosis. KH was found to reduce coagulation effects at up to 20 Gy in the lethality analysis. The embryos developed combinations of abnormality, namely microphthalmia (M), body curvature and microphthalmia (BM), body curvature with microphthalmia and microcephaly (BMC), microphthalmia and pericardial oedema (MO), pericardial oedema (O), microphthalmia with microcephaly and pericardial oedema (MCO) and all of the abnormalities (AA). There were more abnormalities developed from 24 to 72 h (h) post-irradiation in all groups. At 96 h post-irradiation, KH was identified to reduce body curvature effect in the irradiated embryos (up to 16 Gy). γ-H2AX and caspase-3 intensities in the embryos pre-treated with KH were also found to be lower than the untreated group at gamma irradiation doses of 11 Gy to 20 Gy and 11 Gy to 19 Gy, respectively. KH was proven to increase the survival rate of zebrafish embryos and exhibited protection against organ-specific abnormality. KH was also found to possess cellular protective mechanism by reducing DNA damage and apoptosis proteins expression.     

富勒醇对四膜虫的紫外防护作用

为探讨富勒醇对紫外光的辐射防护作用，运用四甲基偶氮唑盐微量酶反应比色法（MTT法1检测了紫外辐照后四膜虫细胞的存活率，并测定了经紫外辐照后，富勒醇对细胞内丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽酶（GSH）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）的影响．结果显示：富勒醇能提高受紫外辐照后细胞的存活率，并且能通过刺激细胞内抗氧化酶的活性，减少脂质过氧化产物，从而减小紫外辐射对细胞的损伤，说明富勒醇对紫外光辐射有防护作用．