Medicinal Properties and Bioactive Compounds from Wild Mushrooms Native to North America

Mushrooms, the fruiting bodies of fungi, are known for a long time in different cultures around the world to possess medicinal properties and are used to treat various human diseases. Mushrooms that are parts of traditional medicine in Asia had been extensively studied and this has led to identification of their bioactive ingredients. North America, while home to one of the world’s largest and diverse ecological systems, has not subjected its natural resources especially its diverse array of mushroom species for bioprospecting purposes: Are mushrooms native to North America a good source for drug discovery? In this review, we compile all the published studies up to September 2020 on the bioprospecting of North American mushrooms. Out of the 79 species that have been investigated for medicinal properties, 48 species (60%) have bioactivities that have not been previously reported. For a mere 16 selected species, 17 new bioactive compounds (10 small molecules, six polysaccharides and one protein) have already been isolated. The results from our literature search suggest that mushrooms native to North America are indeed a good source for drug discovery.     

From a Medicinal Mushroom Blend a Direct Anticancer Effect on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Preclinical Study on Lung Metastases

Bioactive metabolites isolated from medicinal mushrooms (MM) used as supportive treatment in conventional oncology have recently gained interest. Acting as anticancer agents, they interfere with tumor cells and microenvironment (TME), disturbing cancer development/progression. Nonetheless, their action mechanisms still need to be elucidated. Recently, using a 4T1 triple-negative mouse BC model, we demonstrated that supplementation with Micotherapy U-Care, a MM blend, produced a striking reduction of lung metastases density/number, paralleled by decreased inflammation and oxidative stress both in TME and metastases, together with QoL amelioration. We hypothesized that these effects could be due to either a direct anticancer effect and/or to a secondary/indirect impact of Micotherapy U-Care on systemic inflammation/immunomodulation. To address this question, we presently focused on apoptosis/proliferation, investigating specific molecules, i.e., PARP1, p53, BAX, Bcl2, and PCNA, whose critical role in BC is well recognized. We revealed that Micotherapy U-Care is effective to influence balance between cell death and proliferation, which appeared strictly interconnected and inversely related (p53/Bax vs. Bcl2/PARP1/PCNA expression trends). MM blend displayed a direct effect, with different efficacy extent on cancer cells and TME, forcing tumor cells to apoptosis. Yet again, this study supports the potential of MM extracts, as adjuvant supplement in the TNBC management.     

Natural Products Extracted from Fungal Species as New Potential Anti-Cancer Drugs: A Structure-Based Drug Repurposing Approach Targeting HDAC7

Mushrooms can be considered a valuable source of natural bioactive compounds with potential polypharmacological effects due to their proven antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, and antioxidant activities. In order to identify new potential anticancer compounds, an in-house chemical database of molecules extracted from both edible and non-edible fungal species was employed in a virtual screening against the isoform 7 of the Histone deacetylase (HDAC). This target is known to be implicated in different cancer processes, and in particular in both breast and ovarian tumors. In this work, we proposed the ibotenic acid as lead compound for the development of novel HDAC7 inhibitors, due to its antiproliferative activity in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). These promising results represent the starting point for the discovery and the optimization of new HDAC7 inhibitors and highlight the interesting opportunity to apply the “drug repositioning” paradigm also to natural compounds deriving from mushrooms.     

Low-molecular-weight mushroom metabolites V. Eburicoic acid fromPolyporus ailanthus

The triterpene acid isolated fromPolyporus ailanthus (Aphyllophorales) is identified as eburicoic acid on the basis of¹H and¹³C NMR, electron-impact mass, and IR spectra.S. Yu. Yunusov Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (998-71)-120-64-75. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 57–59, January–February, 2000.     

Performance of Pleurotus ostreatus Mushrooms and Spent Substrate for the Biosorption of Cd(II) From Aqueous Solution

The capacities of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom and spent substrate were evaluated for the biosorption of cadmium (II) from aqueous solution in order to select the most efficient material for bioremediation. The optimum sorption conditions were optimized, including the pH of the aqueous solution, contact time, biomass dosage, initial metal concentration, and temperature. The sorption of cadmium on both biosorbents was also evaluated by several kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic models. The possible heavy metal biosorption mechanisms were evaluated through point of zero charge (pH_pzc), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX). Based on the results of column studies, the effectiveness of the P. ostreatus spent substrate was confirmed as a biosorbent for Cd(II) removal from aqueous solutions.     

Radiocaesium pollution of fly agaric Amanita muscaria in fruiting bodies decreases with developmental stage

Amanita muscaria collected from a forested area in northern Poland in 2015 were analysed for activity concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁴⁰K. Total K concentration values were calculated from ⁴⁰K data. Mushrooms were grouped in six fruiting bodies size classes regarding to their developmental stage. The ¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations declined in A. muscaria as the fruiting bodies maturated. The contents of ⁴⁰K/K activity remained constant in caps at different developmental stage, while for stipes an increase was around twofold (⁴⁰K from 925?±?55 Bq kg^?1 dry biomass in the baby individuals and 1600?±?63–1700?±?53 Bq kg^?1 dry biomass in two oldest classes). A. muscaria is a weak accumulator of ¹³⁷Cs, while a steep drop in activity concentrations of this nuclide in the fruiting bodies as they maturate has not been reported earlier for mushrooms. Clearly, a fate of ¹³⁷Cs in A. muscaria is highly different from that of ⁴⁰K/K that is an essential element to fungi. In parallel, an observed increase in the content of ⁴⁰K/K in stipes of fruiting bodies with developmental state can be related to its ‘hardening’ and more fibrous nature with age and basic function to support the cap, but this has not been studied.     

蔬菜和食用菌中多种氨基甲酸酯农药残留的UPLC-MS/MS的确证方法

建立了蔬菜和食用菌中19种氨基甲酸酯农药残留的液相色谱串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）确证方法.实验方法采用丙酮和乙腈混合溶液提取,凝胶渗透色谱净化,经浓缩后由HPLC-MS/MS测定.实验结果表明：方法定性定量准确,灵敏度高,满足了国内外限量要求,具有较好的推广价值.回收率为70.1%~95.7%,RSD为1.63%~13.83%,方法最低检出限0.01 mg/kg.     

Arsenic Compounds in Terrestrial Organisms I: Collybia maculata,Collybia butyracea and Amanita muscaria from Arsenic Smelter Sites in Austria

Three mushroom species from two old arsenic smelter sites in Austria were analyzed for arsenic compounds. The total arsenic concentrations were determined by ICP–MS. Collybia maculata contained 30.0 mg, Collybia butyracea 10.9 mg and Amanita muscaria 21.9 mg As kg⁻¹ dry mass. The arsenic compounds extracted with methanol/water (9:1) from the dried mushroom powders were separated by HPLC on anion-exchange and reversed-phase columns and detected by ICP-MS using a hydraulic high-pressure nebulizer. In Collybia maculata almost all arsenic is present as arsenobetaine. Collybia butyracea contained mainly arsenobetaine (8.8 mg As kg⁻¹ dry mass) and dimethylarsinic acid (1.9 mg As kg⁻¹). Amanita muscaria contained arsenobetaine (15.1 mg As kg⁻¹), traces of arsenite, dimethylarsinic acid and arsenate, and surprisingly arsenocholine (2.6 mg As kg⁻¹) and a tetramethylarsonium salt (0.8 mg As kg⁻¹). © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

常见野生蘑菇的红外光谱及其二维相关红外光谱的鉴别

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱结合相关性分析、二阶导数谱和二维相关谱对13种常见野生蘑菇进行鉴别研究。结果显示13种野生蘑菇的红外光谱光谱特征相似,主要由蛋白质、多糖的吸收组成,13种样品的相关系数最小为0.779,最大值为0.960。在1 700~1 400和1 400~800 cm-1范围的二阶导数光谱中,各样品吸收峰的强度、位置和形状均有明显差异。二维相关红外光谱在1 380~1 680 cm-1范围的强自动峰整体相近,但自动峰和交叉峰位置、形状存在差异;在920~1 230 cm-1的范围,各样品的自动峰和交叉峰的数量、强度和位置差异明显。结果表明傅里叶变换红外光谱结合相关性分析、二阶导数谱和二维相关谱有望发展为区分不同种类蘑菇的快速方法。     

红外光谱法对牛肝菌种类鉴别及镉含量预测研究

建立红外光谱快速鉴别牛肝菌种类及预测牛肝菌中重金属镉(Cd)含量的方法。采集11种牛肝菌共98个子实体的红外光谱信息,解析牛肝菌的红外光谱,用一阶导数、标准正态变量和多元散射校正对原始光谱进行预处理,通过PLS-DA鉴别牛肝菌种类。采用ICP-AES法测定牛肝菌中有毒重金属Cd含量,分析牛肝菌对Cd的富集规律并与GB 2762—2012规定的食用菌中Cd限量标准比较,评价牛肝菌的食用安全性。以食用菌对重金属Cd的富集机理为切入点,将牛肝菌红外光谱数据和Cd含量数据进行拟合,用PLS模型快速预测牛肝菌的Cd含量。结果显示:(1)牛肝菌红外光谱经过适当的预处理进行PLS-DA,前三个主成分累积贡献率达到79.3%,PLS-DA的三维得分图能明显区分不同种类牛肝菌;(2)不同产地、种类牛肝菌对重金属Cd的富集存在差异,其含量在0.05~23.41mg·kg~(-1) dw之间,除了采自昆明五华区的灰疣柄牛肝菌外,多数样品的Cd含量超过GB2762-2012的限量标准,食用有一定的健康风险;(3)牛肝菌红外光谱数据与Cd含量拟合后进行正交信号校正-小波压缩优化处理,用PLS模型预测牛肝菌的Cd含量;训练集和验证集的R~2分别为0.851 9和0.882 4,RMSEE和RMSEP分别为2.59和2.67,大部分牛肝菌的Cd含量预测值与真实值较接近,表明PLS模型可用于牛肝菌Cd含量快速预测。傅里叶变换红外光谱结合化学计量学能实现牛肝菌种类快速鉴别及Cd含量准确预测,为牛肝菌种类鉴别和质量控制提供快速、有效的方法。