Study of multipacting effect in superconducting cavity

A number of superconducting cavities of axis-symmetric geometry have been considered to study the effect in order to achieve the desired performance. It is shown that the multipacting effect is strongly dependent on the condition of the RF surface and can be suppressed with reconsideration of the geometry. The simulation result is compared with the result of the semi-analytical model in the end.     

Preliminary design and multipacting simulation of a SRF quarter wave electron gun at Peking University

Peking University is designing a new SRF gun that is composed of a quarter wave resonator (QWR) and an elliptical cavity. Compared to the elliptical cavity, the QWR is sufficiently compact at the same frequency and its electric field is quasi-DC. The RF parameters are determined by optimization of QWR cavity structure and the possible multipacting locations are analyzed by 2D MP simulation. The simulation results show that multipacting is not a critical issue for our optimized cavity structure.     

RF thermal and new cold part design studies on a TTF-Ⅲ input coupler for Project-X

An RF power coupler is one of the key components in a superconducting (SC) linac. It provides RF power to the SC cavity and interconnects different temperature layers (1.8 K, 4.2 K, 70 K and 300 K). The TTF-Ⅲ coupler is one of the most promising candidates for the High Energy (HE) linac of Project X, but it cannot meet the average power requirements because of the relatively high temperature rise on the warm inner conductor, so some design modifications will be required. In this paper, we describe our simulation studies on the copper coating thickness on the warm inner conductor with RRR values of 10 and 100. Our purpose is to rebalance the dynamic and static loads, and finally lower the temperature rise along the warm inner conductor. In addition, to get stronger coupling, better power handling and less multipacting probability, one new cold part design was proposed using a 60 mm coaxial line; the corresponding multipacting simulation studies have also been investigated.     

新型二次电子倍增阴极构型设计与动力学过程

提出了一种可由脉冲功率驱动的新型二次电子倍增阴极构型,并对其进行了动力学过程的初步理论研究。首先,针对该二次电子倍增阴极,建立了动力学模型,获得了二次电子的位移和速度方程,讨论了电子初始出射速度对其轨迹、渡越时间和碰撞能量的影响,理论给出了渡越时间和碰撞能量的近似解析表达式。其次,通过动力学方程与Vaughan二次电子产额经验公式的耦合求解,获得了该二次电子倍增阴极的工作区间,并对其进行了细致讨论。结果表明：该新型二次电子倍增阴极二极管概念上是可行的,在涂敷高二次电子产额系数材料的圆柱形介质上施加合适的轴向和径向静电场(MV/m量级)以及轴向静磁场(T量级),可以达到电子沿阴极表面螺旋行进过程中实现二次电子倍增并最终获得电流沿轴向放大的设计目标。另外,讨论了正电荷沉积引发的二次电子倍增饱和现象,并对阴极发射电流密度进行了理论粗估,结果表明：阴极发射电流密度可达kA/cm²水平,具备强流发射特性;增加外加径向场强幅值可有效提升阴极发射电流密度。     

Multipacting analysis in micro-pulse electron gun

Modeling multipacting to steady state saturation is of interest in determining the performance of the micro-pulse electron gun. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to calculate the multipacting resonance param- eters for the gun. This method works well, and the 2-D simulation results suggest that steady state saturation can be achieved in the gun. After saturation the transition from two-surface multipacting to single-surface multipacting occurred, and an extensive range of electron emission time is a suggested way to avoid this kind of transition.     

Preliminary design and multipacting simulation of a SRF quarter wave electron gun at Peking University

Peking University is designing a new SRF gun that is composed of a quarter wave resonator （QWR） and an elliptical cavity. Compared to the elliptical cavity, the QWR is sufficiently compact at the same frequency and its electric field is quasi-DC. The RF parameters are determined by optimization of QWR cavity structure and the possible multipacting locations are analyzed by 2D MP simulation. The simulation results show that multipacting is not a critical issue for our optimized cavity structure.     

Study of multipacting effect in sub-harmonic buncher of SSRF linac

During the design process, multipacting effect has been taken into consideration using a 2D simulation code MultiPac and all of the corners are rounded to suppress the multipacting effect in the pill-box cavity. However, unexpected multipacting effect prevents the increase of the input power when the magnetic field of focusing coils is added after adequate conditioning and a novel method is adopted to suppress it by introducing extra coils to counteract the field. This paper focuses on the simulation of multipacting effect in different magnetic field configurations. The experimental observations and simulation results of multipacting effect are presented and details of the multipacting process are also analyzed.     

BEPCⅡ正电子环真空度随流强的非线性变化

 观察发现负电子环的真空度随流强呈线性变化,正电子环的真空度随流强呈非线性变化,在正电子环的弧区,真空度的非线性变化很明显。讨论了非线性变化的原因,可能是同步光电子在正电子束流横向作用下加速碰壁,发生了二次电子发射,并在一定条件下形成了束流引起的多次碰壁效应,造成了大量放气。改变正电子束流的束团填充方式来观察真空度的非线性变化,得到了与KEK-B低能环一致的实验结果,该非线性变化呈现一定的阈值性,发生非线性的条件是有足够大的单束团流强和每列足够多的连续束团。     

质子束团传输过程中的二次电子多级倍增

电子云不稳定性是强流质子加速器稳定运行的一个重大障碍。在电子云积累的过程中,二次电子多级倍增是电子云的主要来源。二次电子多级倍增机制可以用电子的运动和能量增益来分析。为了得到电子云的密度及分布,编写了一个模拟程序用来跟踪电子云的发展演化过程。分析了在质子束团作用下电子的运动,分析二次电子多级倍增的原因,并用模拟程序进行了计算,结果发现电子云与束团的纵向分布密切相关。     

Multipacting phenomenon at high electric fields of superconducting cavities

Recently multipacting (MP) recalculation of the TeV Energy Superconducting Linear Accelerator (TESLA) resonator was performed. In addition to the normal MP which occurs at a peak electric field of around 40MV/m for the TESLA cavity, another type of multipacting with resonant electron trajectory that is far from the equator is also seen.It occurs at a gradient around 60MV/m to 70MV/m. This result seems to explain some experimental observations.