Interface and defects engineering for multilayer laser coatings

High-reflective multilayer laser coatings are widely used in advanced optical systems from high power laser facilities to high precision metrology systems. However, the real interface quality and defects will significantly affect absorption/scattering losses and laser induced damage thresholds of multilayer coatings. With the recent advances in the control of coating design and deposition processes, these coating properties can be significantly improved when properly engineered the interface and defects. This paper reviews the recent progress in the physics of laser damage, optical losses and environmental stability involved in multilayer reflective coatings for high power nanosecond near-infrared lasers. We first provide an overview of the layer growth mechanisms, ways to control the microstructures and reduce layer roughness, as well as the nature of defects which are critical to the optical loss and laser induced damage. Then an overview of interface engineering based on the design of coating structure and the regulation of deposition materials reveals their ability to improve the laser induced damage threshold, reduce the backscattering, and realize the desirable properties of environmental stability and exceptional multifunctionality. Moreover, we describe the recent progress in the laser damage and scattering mechanism of nodule defects and give the approaches to suppress the defect-induced damage and scattering of the multilayer laser coatings. Finally, the present challenges and limitations of high-performance multilayer laser coatings are highlighted, along with the comments on likely trends in future.     

Nanocomposite hydrogel consisting of Na‐montmorillonite with enhanced mechanical properties

A new kind of nanocomposite (NC) hydrogel with Na‐montmorillonite (MMT) is presented in this article. The NC hydrogels were synthesized by free radical copolymerization of acrylamide and (3‐acrylamidopropyl) trimethylammonium chloride (ATC) in the presence of MMT and N,N′‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide used as chemical cross‐linker. Due to the cation‐exchange reaction between MMT and ATC (cationic monomer) during the synthesis of NC hydrogels, MMT platelets were considered chemical “plane” cross‐linkers, different from “point” cross‐linkers. With increasing amount of MMT, the crosslinking degree enhanced, causing a decrease of the swelling degree at equilibrium. Investigations of mechanical properties indicated that NC hydrogels exhibited enhanced strength and toughness, which resulted from chemical interaction between exfoliated MMT platelets and polymer chains in hydrogels. Dynamic shear measurements showed that both storage modulus and loss modulus increased with increasing MMT content. The idea described here provided a new route to prepare hydrogels with high mechanical properties by using alternative natural Na‐MMT. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015 , 53, 1020–1026     

Strain induced strengthening of soft thermoplastic polyurethanes under cyclic deformation

We investigate the cyclic mechanical behavior in uniaxial tension of three different commercial thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (TPU) often considered as a sustainable replacement for common filled elastomers. All TPU have similar hard segment contents and linear moduli but sensibly different large strain properties as shown by X-ray analysis. Despite these differences, we found a stiffening effect after conditioning in step cyclic loading which greatly differs from the common softening (also referred as Mullins effect) observed in chemically crosslinked filled rubbers. We propose that this self-reinforcement is related to the fragmentation of hard domains, naturally present in TPU, in smaller but more numerous sub-units that may act as new physical crosslinking points. The proposed stiffening mechanism is not dissimilar to the strain-induced crystallization observed in stretched natural rubber, but it presents a persistent nature. In particular, it may cause a local reinforcement where an inhomogeneous strain field is present, as is the case of a crack propagating in cyclic fatigue, providing a potential explanation for the well-known toughness and wear resistance of TPU.     

93W合金有关力学参量的综合选评

 对93W合金材料进行了超声测量实验，并结合原有的超声测量结果进行了分析比较，提出了可以直接用冲击波速度关系式的三个系数c₀ 、λ和λ′来对钨合金的有关力学参量，如G₀、K₀、G₀′、K₀′等进行综合选评的方法。得到了一组对93W合金较为合理的力学参量推荐值。     

复合体系方法测量液体力学谱

本文介绍了采用复合体系，测量得到凝聚态物质从固态到液态连续变化力学谱的一种新的实验方法。以簧振动为例，给出了解析的计算公式，以及应用条件。通过进一步综合分析，得到具有更广应用范围的近似公式，可以近似应用于其他不同的振动模式，如低频扭摆。应用新的测量方法，给出了典型小分子玻璃材料甘油和碳酸丙稀从玻璃态到液态的力学谱，观察到甘油和碳酸丙稀玻璃化转变、碳酸丙稀的再结晶、熔化和挥发的过程；测量得到挥发过程中水的质量随时间精确变化的曲线。最后，本文给出了新方法的一些应用展望。     

单甲基原位改性SiO2疏水减反膜的制备与性能研究

 在碱性条件下通过TEOS和MTES的共水解缩聚反应制备了单甲基原位改性的SiO₂溶胶，并使用提拉法在K9玻璃基片上镀制了疏水减反膜。通过透射电镜（TEM）考察了镀膜溶胶的微结构，分别使用红外光谱（FTIR）分析了薄膜的组分，用原子力显微镜（AFM）观察了薄膜的表面形貌和起伏状况，用紫外可见光谱（UV-vis）考察了薄膜的减反射性能，用接触角仪测量了薄膜对水的接触角。并使用“R-on-1”的方式测量了薄膜在Nd:YAG激光（1 064 nm，1 ns）作用下的损伤阈值。结果表明，通过共水解缩聚反应可以把甲基引入镀膜溶胶簇团中，改善了溶胶簇团的网络结构，使薄膜得到相当好的疏水性能和更好的抗激光损伤性能，同时薄膜能保持较好的减反射性能。     

Correlation between the Mechanical Properties and the Amount of Desorbed Water for Composites Based on Low-Density Polyethylene and Linen Yarn Production Waste

The effect of the amount of desorbed water on the mechanical properties of composites based on low-density polyethylene and linen yarn production waste (LW) is analyzed by statistical methods. It is shown that the amount of absorbed water decreases during the desorption process at room temperature both for specimens modified and unmodified with diphenylmethane diisocyanate (DIC.) The most sensitive to the action of water is the elastic modulus, which decreases considerably under the effect of water and is fully restored in the desorption process. The tensile strain also increases with the amount of absorbed water. It is found that the elastic modulus of the unmodified composite correlates linearly with the amount of desorbed water. Between the amount of desorbed water and the tensile strain, as well the specific work of deformation, a negative linear correlation is revealed. After water desorption, all strength and deformation characteristics of both the modified and unmodified composites are fully recovered.__________Translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 515–524, July–August, 2005.     

Laser-induced damage of Ta2O5/SiO2 narrow-band interference filters under different 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser modes

The laser-induced damage (LID) behavior of narrow-band interference filters was investigated with a Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm under single-pulse mode and free-running mode. The absorption measurement of such coatings was performed with surface thermal lensing (STL) technique. The damage morphologies under the two different laser modes were also studied in detail. It was found that all the filters exhibited a pass-band-center-dependent absorption and laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) behavior, but the damage morphologies were diverse. The explanation was given with the analysis of the electric field distribution and the operational behavior of the irradiation laser.     

用于机械振动实时监测的光纤光栅有源传感装置

把一对中心反射波长分别为1562.11nm和1562.71nm的光纤光栅粘贴在均质、等厚、等腰三角形悬臂梁上下表面作为环形腔光纤激光器端镜，当机械振动激励自由端时，通过观测激光输出脉冲，地施加于自由端的机械振动的频率进行了实时监测；观察两光栅波长漂移量差值的变化，可在0～6.1mm的范围内判断所测振动的振幅。低于100Hz时，实验结果与实际值基本吻合。     

Effect of short glass fiber on structure and viscoelastic behavior of olefinic polymers synthesized with metallocene catalyst

Several composites were prepared on the basis of an ethylene homopolymer and different copolymers of ethylene and 1‐hexene, synthesized with a metallocene catalyst, as matrices and a content of a 5 wt % of short glass fiber. The effect of the fiber incorporation on the structure and mechanical and viscoelastic behaviors was analyzed for the different samples. The glass fibers induced a slightly higher crystallinity, and the crystallite morphology significantly changed (long spacings and crystal orientation). The incorporation of fibers did not reinforce the different matrices under study at this low content; consequently, the mechanical parameters, such as Young's modulus, yielding stress, and microhardness, were lower in the composites as compared with those values found in the neat polyolefins. The location and apparent activation energies of distinct relaxation processes are also discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 1244–1255, 2003