Dislocation density crystalline plasticity modeling of lath martensitic microstructures in steel alloys

A three-dimensional multiple-slip dislocation density-based crystalline formulation, specialized finite-element formulations and Voronoi tessellations adapted to martensitic orientations were used to investigate large strain inelastic deformation modes and dislocation density evolution in martensitic microstructures. The formulation is based on accounting for variant morphologies and orientations, retained austenite and initial dislocation densities that are uniquely inherent to martensitic microstructures. The effects of parent austenite orientation and retained austenite were also investigated for heterogeneous fcc/bcc crystalline structures. Furthermore, the formulation was used to investigate microstructures mapped directly from SEM/EBSD images of martensitic steel alloys. The analysis indicates that variant morphology and orientations have a direct effect on dislocation density accumulation and inelastic localization in martensitic microstructures, and that lath directions, orientations and arrangements are critical characteristics of high strength martensitic deformation and behavior.     

Catalytical kinetics of butterfly martensite

The stress fields around the first butterfly martensite in an Fe-Ni based alloy were calculated. The calculation results inducate that there are tensile stress fields near the convexity and the two ends of a butterfly martensite. There is a compressive stress field near the concavity. New butterfly martensite is likely induced not only near the convexity but also probably near the concavity. The butterfly martensites induced in tensile stress fields are bigger than those in compressive stress fields. The second butterfly martensite is likely induced near the convexity within 2πm region. All these results agree with the experimental observation.     

A consideration of curved interfaces in stress-assisted martensite formation

A purely mechanical, sharp interface model is developed to consider curved interfaces that have been observed between martensite phase variants. The approach is based on a theory of small strains as distinct from small displacement gradients. It admits a realistic characterization of each phase with standard elasticity tensors and allows for inhomogeneous states of strain within each phase including inhomogeneous, finite rotations. The model indicates that any signficant interface curvature must be due to material rotation because interfaces cannot be finitely curved with respect to the material lattice. It is also found that the interface driving traction is not influenced by local lattice rotations unless inertia affects the reaction.     

不同温度下钛镍形状记忆合金的超弹性特性

对国产TiNi形状记忆合金在不同温度下的准静态力学响应、特别是相变超弹性特性进行了试验研究．结果表明，TiNi合金在热弹性马氏体逆相变结束温度AF附近的一定温度范围内显示超弹性特征，且温度对其有显著影响．随着温度的升高，应力诱导热弹性马氏体的临界应力近似地呈线性增加趋势，但在AF附近发生间断性突降．试验结果还表明，随应力之增加，不可逆塑性变形在总变形中所占的比值逐渐增加，且这一比值随温度升高而增大；相应地，超弹性变形别逐渐减弱以至消失．     

Mechanism of the shape memory effect in martensitic alloys: an assessment

The (one-way) shape memory effect is a phenomenon that when a martensitic alloy is deformed in a martensitic state it recovers its original shape upon heating to the parent phase. This is a universal effect for certain martensitic alloys. We will assess the mechanism of the effect critically and select the essential factors which govern the effect. We try to understand it from a unified view, invoking the group–subgroup symmetry relation between the parent and martensite phase, along with analysis of reversible twinning modes in martensite. By such an assessment, we will show why typical shape memory alloys, such as Ti–Ni, Cu–Al–Ni etc., exhibit good shape memory characteristics, while others, such as ferrous alloys, do not. Thus, we will show that most of the shape memory characteristics of various martensitic alloys can be understood consistently from such an approach.     

等温淬火热处理工艺对Fe-0.5C-2.0Si-2.5Mn钢冲击磨损性能的影响

采用MLD10动载磨粒磨损试验机对成分为Fe-0.5C-2.0Si-2.5Mn的贝氏体/马氏体复相钢进行冲击磨损试验,通过观察磨损率,表层组织演变以及表面磨损形貌的变化过程,重点研究了等温淬火热处理工艺对Fe-0.5C-2.0Si-2.5Mn钢冲击磨损性能的影响,结果表明:经不同热处理后的贝氏体/马氏体复相钢的耐磨性较铸态有明显提高(1.4~2.3倍),随着下贝氏体含量的增加,耐磨性先降低再趋于平稳.当冲击功由1 J增至4 J时,材料磨损性能下降,表面磨损形貌表征塑形破坏加剧;当冲击功为5 J时,组织中出现大量形变马氏体,加工硬化明显,表面磨损形貌较低能冲击下的表面更为平整均匀,磨损性能增强,但出现强烈的脆性断裂倾向.     

30CrMnSiNi2A晶格参量的测量及回复规律研究

针对X射线衍射领域中晶面衍射峰重叠问题,提出一种新的重叠峰分离方法.采用RU-200V转靶衍射仪对30CrMnSiNi2A晶格参量及其回复规律进行研究,得出不同回火温度下晶格参量与碳含量的变化关系.研究结果发现:由于碳的过饱和度不同以及合金元素的影响,30CrMnSiNi2A与高碳马氏体晶格参量的变化规律虽基本符合,但其变化速率存在差异.在不同回火温度下晶格参量a基本与碳含量无关,随着回火温度升高,a值略有下降.晶格参量c则随碳含量的变化幅度较大,从淬火态到180℃回火态出现一个陡降过程,随着回火温度升高,其变化幅度又趋于平缓.     

Magnetic nondestructive technology for detection of tempered martensite embrittlement

A nondestructive eddy current technique is used to evaluate tempered martensite embrittlement in 4340 AISI steels after quench and tempering in the range 240–550 °C. A relation between the responses of the magnetic induction (normalized impedance of the coil) and destructive Charpy impact test results has been established. The study shows that the eddy current method could be used to separate brittle parts due to the microstructure changes.     

Phase proportioning in CuAlBe shape memory alloys during thermomechanical loadings using electric resistance variation

The microstructure of shape memory alloys changes with the thermomechanical history of the material. During thermomechanical loading, austenite, thermally-induced martensite or stress-induced martensite can be simultaneously present in the material. In applications integrating SMA parts, utilization conditions seriously affect the microstructure and can generate macroscopic strain or stress. Consequently, during thermomechanical loadings, it is important to be able to proportion the different phases and consequently to understand the kinetic transformation. This is very useful in the development of constitutive equations. This study shows, by a series of tests, that the proposed experimental method, based on the measurement of the variation of electric resistance of CuAlBe wires, permits to determine the volume fraction of the different phases present in the material (i.e., austenite, stress-induced martensite and thermally-induced martensite). The proposed method is applied to the most common thermomechanical behavior met in engineering applications of shape memory alloys: pseudoelasticity, pseudoplasticity, recovery-stress and stress-assisted two-way shape memory effect. The proportioning method based on a mixture law integrating the resistivity of pure phases present in the SMA is first performed on different two-phase mixture cases and then applied to a three phase mixture case.     

Crystal plasticity finite element modeling of mechanically induced martensitic transformation (MIMT) in metastable austenite

A new crystal plasticity model incorporating the mechanically induced martensitic transformation in metastable austenitic steel has been formulated and implemented into the finite element analysis. The kinetics of martensite transformation is modeled by taking into consideration of a nucleation-controlled phenomenon, where each potential martensitic variant based on Kurdjumov–Sachs (KS) relationship has different nucleation probability as a function of the interaction energy between externally applied stress and lattice deformation. Therefore, the transformed volume fractions are determined following selective variants given by the crystallographic orientation of austenitic matrix and applied stress in the frame of the crystal plasticity finite element. The developed finite element program is capable of considering the effect of volume change by the Bain deformation and the lattice-invariant shear during the martensitic transformation by effectively modifying the evolution of plastic deformation gradient of the conventional rate-dependent crystal plasticity finite element. The validation of the proposed model has been carried out by comparing with the experimentally measured data under simple loading conditions. Good agreements with the measurements for the stress–strain responses, transformed martensitic volume fractions and the influence of strain rate on the deformation behavior will enable the model to be promising for the future applications to the real forming process of the TRIP aided steel.