Using a process-centered approach to minimize the effort of compliance

 The complexity of different quality standards can, in principle, be covered by different approaches and strategies. In-depth process mapping of quality control (QC) work streams was used by the analytical laboratories of Lonza AG to show up the principle differences in being compliant to different quality systems. The results identified two main drivers for all necessary actions: process-related activities and infrastructure-related activities. In addition, a clear indication of the economic impact of these driving forces was gained, which led the laboratories to decide on a process-oriented approach. This approach has the advantage of being able to reflect the different demands of different quality assurance (QA) regulations within the same QC organizational structure. Following the process helps avoid unnecessary efforts in analytical work and represents a very economical approach, at the same time, providing high flexibility to react to different QA or customer demands. Received: 5 July 2002 Accepted: 12 November 2002 Acknowledgements The process-oriented approach resulted from many, very challenging discussions for which I would like to thank the staff of my organization (Analytics & QC), especially, the QA staff and the LIMS team. Presented at Analytica Conference, 23–26 April 2002, Munich, Germany Correspondence to B. Ciommer     

Vulnerability analysis of interdependent infrastructure systems: A methodological framework

Infrastructure systems such as power and water supplies make up the cornerstone of modern society which is essential for the functioning of a society and its economy. They become more and more interconnected and interdependent with the development of scientific technology and social economy. Risk and vulnerability analysis of interdependent infrastructures for security considerations has become an important subject, and some achievements have been made in this area. Since different infrastructure systems have different structural and functional properties, there is no universal all-encompassing ‘silver bullet solution’ to the problem of analyzing the vulnerability associated with interdependent infrastructure systems. So a framework of analysis is required. This paper takes the power and water systems of a major city in China as an example and develops a framework for the analysis of the vulnerability of interdependent infrastructure systems. Four interface design strategies based on distance, betweenness, degree, and clustering coefficient are constructed. Then two types of vulnerability (long-term vulnerability and focused vulnerability) are illustrated and analyzed. Finally, a method for ranking critical components in interdependent infrastructures is given for protection purposes. It is concluded that the framework proposed here is useful for vulnerability analysis of interdependent systems and it will be helpful for the system owners to make better decisions on infrastructure design and protection.     

考虑充电设施重入的电动汽车旅行商问题研究

出于减少环境危害和响应相关法规的考虑,物流企业开始逐步将运输车辆转变为电动汽车;而由于电动汽车的续航里程有限,对电动汽车的路径优化也将涉及充电设施。充电设施的“重入”是指电动汽车返回之前已经通过的充电设施进行充能的现象,它的存在需要改变经典旅行商问题模型中的“子回路约束”。本文聚焦于充电设施的“重入”,构建了一个无需预估充电设施重入次数上限的电动汽车旅行商问题模型,并通过引入路径可行性判别方法和增加充电设施选择与重复策略,设计了一种改进蚁群算法对问题进行求解。结果表明:与未考虑重入的模型相比,本文提出的考虑充电设施重入的模型能在电动汽车电池容量较低的情况下求出最优解,同时也能够使充电设施承担多次充电任务,从而在较少充电设施情况下依然能够得到可行的最优路径。     

国家关键基础设施电磁恢复力

随着国家关键基础设施建设规模和信息化水平的提升,其在高空电磁脉冲、有意电磁干扰和地磁暴等强电磁环境下的电磁安全逐渐受到了国内外的关注。强电磁环境属于小概率、高风险事件,其影响机理和评估方法与雷电、系统内过电压等常规电磁事件有较大不同,采用期望风险指标的常规可靠性分析方法难以有效评估管理强电磁环境相关风险。从电磁恢复力视角出发,提出了关键基础设施电磁安全的三棱锥模型,并重点以电网为例,探讨关键基础设施电磁恢复力的内涵和外延,并对开展电磁恢复力研究提出建议。     

时间敏感选项依赖下的基础设施恢复决策研究

突发事件发生后,基础设施之间的恢复依赖为恢复过程带来了严重挑战。为了能够在突发事件后高效而有序的实现基础设施恢复运行,根据相互之间的恢复依赖关系制定合理的恢复决策非常关键。本文基于网络流理论,以累积恢复效能最大化为目标,建立了时间敏感选项依赖下的恢复设计与调度决策混合整数规划模型。然后,讨论了模型在完全中心化、完全分散和信息共享决策环境下的应用方法。最后,通过真实基础设施数据集测试了模型,结果表明:(1)该模型在突发事件后的基础设施恢复决策中具有应用可行性;(2)决策环境显著影响存在恢复依赖的基础设施网络整体累积恢复效能;(3)与完全分散决策环境相比,在信息共享决策环境下独立决策的整体累积恢复效能可以得到大幅提升。     

组合几何蒙特卡罗粒子输运支撑软件框架JCOGIN介绍

介绍了JCOGIN支撑软件框架层次式、模块化的体系结构及其核心数据结构。这些使得JCOGIN软件框架能够支撑大规模复杂几何的蒙特卡罗（MC）粒子输运并行计算。同时介绍了在JCOGIN支撑软件框架下研发的JMCT程序,并进行了性能测试,在2万处理器核上模拟20亿粒子,并行效率达到70%。     

FC模 型视角下基础设施建设与工业区位分布

最初的工业区位论过多从静态角度分析基础设施数量对工业区位分布影响,往往忽视基础设施效率的影响．基于此,本文在政府、消费者、企业三方博弈的基础上,探求扩展FC模型下短期及长期均衡条件,进而讨论基础设施数量及效率如何影响区域间产业分布格局．研究发现：基础设施效率影响着劳动力流动,从而影响着其他要素的区域分布．结果表明,不是基础设施数量而是基础设施交易效率影响了工业区位分布．也就是说,基础设施在落后地区的投入并非越多越好,而是效率越高越好．     

基础设施对制造业就业的影响:基于中国省级面板数据的实证分析

用2001-2012年的中国省级面板数据,研究了基础设施对制造业就业的影响.结果显示,在控制工资水平、投资水平、人力资本、对外开放程度和技术创新能力的条件下,基础设施对制造业就业有一定的促进作用,但是作用效果并不显著.本文的政策含义在于:鼓励加强基础设施建设,各地区要把握好加强基础设施建设的程度,不仅要注重基础设施建设的短期效应,更要加大资本投入和出口、提高人力资本水平和推动技术创新,这对于制造业就业具有积极的意义.     

面向智慧城市的物联网基础设施关键技术研究

智慧城市是利用物联网等新一代信息技术实现城市智慧运行和管理的新型城市形态,是信息技术与城市发展深度融合的产物。针对当前智慧城市因碎片化、烟囱式发展模式而面临的重复建设严重、跨域资源难以共享与联动协同等突出问题,从资源汇聚和促进城市应用互联互通互操作的角度,定义了城市物联网基础设施的概念内涵,提出城市物联网基础设施是一个涵盖“网络 平台 服务”的综合体,分析总结了国内外政府与企业在城市物联网基础设施尤其是物联网平台方面的发展现状,在此基础上,研究提出了为实现城市物联资源泛在接入、网络融合、资源管理和智能服务等核心功能亟需突破的关键技术,最后给出了推动城市物联网基础设施快速发展的意见和建议。     

基础项目政府担保因素组成及其对投资激励作用

充分发挥政府担保的支持和引导作用,吸引非政府投资人投资是解决基础项目资金瓶颈的有效途径,研究其如何影响投资人积极性问题具有重要的理论和现实意义.通过回顾和总结国内外相关研究成果,提出作为外因的政府担保四个方面要素、作为内因的项目属性来影响项目投资积极性的概念模型及研究假设,采用调查问卷和结构方程模型方法得到结果:项目属性对政府担保具有显著负作用,表明项目预期盈利较好时,政府提供的担保水平较低,项目预期盈利较差时,政府提供的担保水平较高;在对投资积极性的影响方面,项目属 性和政府担保都对项目投资积极性具有显著的正激励作用;值得注意的是,政府担保对项目投资积极性还具有显著的中介效应.结论表明,在项目属性判断基础上,政府权衡投资积极性和财政风险,对于项目属性得分较低的项目政府提供的担保程度会比较大,对项目属性得分较高的项目政府提供的担保程度会比较小,即政府担保水平依赖于项目属性,又显著影响投资人积极性.