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1.
LYNDA D. RODWELL EDWARD B. BARBIER CALLUM M. ROBERTS TIM R. McCLANAHAN 《Natural Resource Modeling》2002,15(4):453-486
ABSTRACT. The excessive and unsustainable exploitation of our marine resources has led to the promotion of marine reserves as a fisheries management tool. Marine reserves, areas in which fishing is restricted or prohibited, can offer opportunities for the recovery of exploited stock and fishery enhancement. In this paper we examine the contribution of fully protected tropical marine reserves to fishery enhancement by modeling marine reserve‐fishery linkages. The consequences of reserve establishment on the long‐run equilibrium fish biomass and fishery catch levels are evaluated. In contrast to earlier models this study highlights the roles of both adult (and juvenile) fish migration and larval dispersal between the reserve and fishing grounds by employing a spawner‐recruit model. Uniform larval dispersal, uniform larval retention and complete larval retention combined with zero, moderate and high fish migration scenarios are analyzed in turn. The numerical simulations are based on Mombasa Marine National Park, Kenya, a fully protected coral reef marine reserve comprising approximately 30% of former fishing grounds. Simulation results suggest that the establishment of a fully protected marine reserve will always lead to an increase in total fish biomass. If the fishery is moderately to heavily exploited, total fishery catch will be greater with the reserve in all scenarios of fish and larval movement. If the fishery faces low levels of exploitation, catches can be optimized without a reserve but with controlled fishing effort. With high fish migration from the reserve, catches are optimized with the reserve. The optimal area of the marine reserve depends on the exploitation rate in the neighboring fishing grounds. For example, if exploitation is maintained at 40%, the ‘optimal’ reserve size would be 10%. If the rate increases to 50%, then the reserve needs to be 30% of the management area in order to maximize catches. However, even in lower exploitation fisheries (below 40%), a small reserve (up to 20%) provides significantly higher gains in fish biomass than losses in catch. Marine reserves are a valuable fisheries management tool. To achieve maximum fishery benefits they should be complemented by fishing effort controls. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT. Limiting adverse consequences of fishing on essential fish habitat has emerged as a key fishery management objective. The conventional approach to providing habitat protection is to create MPAs or marine reserves that prohibit all or certain types of fishing in specific areas. However, there may be more cost‐effective and flexible ways to provide habitat protection. We propose an individual habitat quota (IHQ) system for habitat conservation that would utilize economic incentives to achieve habitat conservation goals cost‐effectively. Individual quotas of habitat impact units (HIU) would be distributed to fishers with an aggregate quota set to maintain a target habitat “stock.” HIU use would be based on a proxy for marginal habitat damage. We use a dynamic, explicitly spatial fishery and habitat simulation model to explore how such a system might work. We examine how outcomes are affected by spatial heterogeneity in the fishery and the scale of habitat regulation. We find that the IHQ system is a highly cost‐effective means of ensuring a given level of habitat protection, but that spatial heterogeneity and the scale of regulation can have significant effects on the distribution of habitat protection. 相似文献
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应用原子吸收光谱法测定了湛江海域十种养殖鱼类肌肉中微量元素的含量。结果表明,海水养殖鱼肌肉中含有丰富的K、Na、Mg、Ca、Zn、Fe等微量元素,经常食用,可以提高机体的免疫力,增强体质,能较好地满足人体对微量元素的需要。 相似文献
6.
Arsenic speciation is of increasing interest to the food industry, as concerns about high total arsenic concentrations in
food can often be alleviated to a great extent if the ratio of toxic, less toxic and non-toxic arsenic compounds in the sample
is known.
The lipid matrix of fish oil is a challenge in the determination of arsenic species, as current methods for this type of analysis
require the analyte to be water-soluble. In this study, two sample preparation techniques were applied. One the one hand water-soluble
species were extracted with methanol/water, on the other, acid digestion was applied to release lipid-soluble arsenic compounds
into the aqueous phase. Ion chromatography – inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (IC-ICP-MS) was used for separation
and sensitive element-specific detection of arsenic compounds. Additional experiments, including alkaline hydrolysis, were
carried out to find out more about the type of lipids arsenic is bound to in fish oil.
Up to eight different arsenic species were detected and quantified in fish oil with dimethylarsinate being the major compound
both in the aqueous extract and in the acid digest. No inorganic arsenic was detected in the aqueous extract, and the maximum
concentration of arsenate determined in the acid digest was 0.05 μg g−1.
The total arsenic concentration determined by ICP-MS ranged from <0.1 to 5 μg g−1. With regard to the mass balance, approximately 1% of the total arsenic content was extractable with methanol/water, whereas
the sum of arsenic species quantified after acid digestion yielded 85–100% of the total arsenic content. It was confirmed
that the large fraction of arsenic in fish oil not extractable on an aqueous basis consists of organoarsenic compounds.
This new approach in sample preparation makes the complete characterization of the arsenic content in the sample possible
with regard to the respective species, providing necessary information required for risk assessment. 相似文献
7.
铜(Ⅱ)-邻菲咯啉-(邻菲咯啉-5,6-二酮)络合物的合成及其同脱氧核糖核酸的作用 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
以邻菲咯啉(phen)、邻菲咯啉-5,6-二酮(dione)为配体首次合成了高氯酸邻菲咯啉-邻菲咯啉-5,6-二酮(Ⅱ)。用荧光光谱,摩尔比,粘度,MLCT减色效应,平衡常数以及荧光能量转移研究了各合物与鱼精子DNA的结合情况,证实了该络合物与DNA存在插入作用。基于络合物对DNA能量转移造成荧光量子产率比值(Φλ/Φ320)的降低,解释了不同波长激发光下,荧光发射峰在加入DNA后产生猝灭和增强两种绝然不同的现象。 相似文献
8.
meso—四(对—羟基苯基)卟啉与脱氧核糖核酸的作用及其分析应用 总被引:6,自引:6,他引:6
报道了非离子型卟啉meso-四卟啉与脱氧核糖核酸的作用。在PH4.9-5.4范围内,DNA能与聚合态的THP作用,产生不规则的电子吸收光谱。但如果体系中含有30%(V/V)乙醇,DNA与THPP作用产生459.0nm和700.0nm两个新峰。 相似文献
9.
《Arabian Journal of Chemistry》2022,15(12):104368
Protein hydrolysates have the potential to be natural and safer sources of bioactive peptides. In this study, two proteases were used to hydrolyze Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) protein, and the hydrolysates were then purified to yield antioxidant peptides. The degree of hydrolysis of 23.56 % and 18.14 % was obtained using papain and alcalase 2.4L, respectivly, and hydrolysates had 96.80 % and 87.24 % total amino acid content, respectivly. The papain hydrolysate (PH) and alcalase 2.4L hydrolysate (AH) showed good antioxidant activity against DPPH? (IC50 of 3.64 and 3.15 mg/mL) and ABTS?+ (IC50 of 1.92 and 1.58 mg/mL), respectively. The low-molecular-weight (<1000 Da) fraction of both hydrolysates demonstrated the highest antiradical activity (IC50 of 2.59 and 2.31 mg/mL, DPPH) and (IC50 of 1.54 and 1.36 mg/mL, ABTS), respectively. Nine peptides were separated from both hydrolysates using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The IC50 for ABTS?+ scavenging activity of peptide P5 with valine, glycine and asparagine (MW of 282.13 Da) from PH, and peptide P3 with histidine, glycine and alanine (MW of 302.74 Da) from AH was 0.89 and 0.72 mg/mL, respectively. The fractions and purified peptides obtained from Chinese sturgeon hydrolysates could be utilized as natural antioxidant substitutes in pharmaceuticals and food products. 相似文献
10.
建立了分散固相萃取净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定鱼和虾中3类(磺胺类、喹诺酮类、氯霉素类)18种抗生素及2种三苯甲烷类(孔雀石绿、隐色孔雀石绿)兽药残留。样品经磷酸氢二钾溶液水解分散,乙腈提取,提取液经氯化钠脱水、盐析后取乙腈层,经旋转蒸发仪浓缩至近干,残留物用甲醇定容至1.0 mL,C18和PSA(N-丙基乙二胺)填料分散固相萃取净化,过滤膜后经ZORBAX C18色谱柱(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.8 μm)分离,正、负离子多反应监测模式采集数据,同位素内标法定量。实验结果表明,20种兽药在0.2~300 μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,检出限为0.1~0.6 μg/kg,定量限为0.3~1.8 μg/kg,相关系数均大于0.99。在1、5和20倍定量限加标浓度水平下,平均回收率为72.5%~118%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.9%~9.8%。该方法具有前处理简单、检测效率高、成本低等优点,适用于鱼和虾中多类兽药残留的同时测定。 相似文献