浙江中部夏熟作物田主要杂草生态相似性的数量分析

应用七级目测法对浙江中部地区27个夏熟作物田样点的杂草进行了优势等级调查，将所得数据转换成重要值，以杂草在27个样点中的重要值为运算指标，应用主成分分析法和图论聚类中的最小生成树法，对24种杂草的生态学相似性进行了比较，指出了长期使用单一的除草剂导致农田杂草种群迅速更迭的原因：杂草对除草剂的敏感性差异及不同杂草间的生态学特性的差异。     

ON THE ABRUPT CHANGE IN SOUTH ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON CLIMATE AND ITS SYNCHRONISM WITH THE GLOBAL RAPID WARMING

This paper has analysed the major characteristics of long-term variation, of summermonsoon climate in South Asia since 1888. An abrupt enhancement of summer monsoon inthe 1920s and its synchronism with the global rapid warming have been detected by theMann-Kendall Rank Statistic test. Based on diagnostic analysis on the atmospheric circulationover the monsoon region and the thermal conditions of both ocean and land during theperiod of abrupt change, it is found that the warming over land was stronger and earlierthan that over the ocean, which would enhance the land-sea thermal contrast and thereforebe favorable to the development of monsoon low and the disturbance in the monsoon flow.This may be a direct factor for the abrupt enhancement of summer monsoon.     

稀土变质热锻模具铸钢高温磨损性能的研究

研究了稀土（RE）变质热锻模具铸钢的高温磨损性能，并与热锻模具钢H13钢和3Cr2W8V钢进行对比，探讨了稀土元素的作用和热锻模具铸钢的高温磨损机理。结果表明：随着RE加入量的增加，热锻模具铸钢的磨损率先减后增，RE加入量在质量分数为0．05％时热锻模具铸钢具有最佳的高温磨损性能。RE变质热锻模其铸钢的高温耐磨性明最高于H13钢和3Cr2W8V钢。高温磨损机理为氧化磨损和氧化物的疲劳剥落，磨屑为块状的Fe2O3和Fe3O4。     

新疆两处遗址出土绿松石文物的成分分析和产源判别

绿松石是一种产地有限,却在世界范围内被广泛使用的珍稀宝石资源,研究绿松石文物的矿料来源可为了解古代不同地区间珍稀资源的获取与交流模式、文化传播途径、早期贸易网络等学术问题提供帮助。新疆绿松石文物的矿料来源是近年来科技考古关注的热点问题之一,目前存在中原说、波斯说、新疆说和多元说等观点。研究新疆绿松石文物的产源,其难点在于既要保证文物的安全,又要确保分析数据的准确性,同时要避免样品表面污染对数据结果带来的干扰。鉴于此,采用等离子体原子发射光谱LA-ICP-AES对新疆加依、西沟两处墓地出土的绿松石进行化学成分分析,并结合秦岭东部五处产地的绿松石成分数据,经主成分分析绘制散点图——建立产地区分模型。主成分分析结果显示加依墓地样品中有五枚是罕见的锌绿松石,其余同西沟墓地绿松石的成分相近,均含有相对较高比例的Fe和Sr。结合中原地区的绿松石成分数据对比分析,发现新疆两遗址绿松石的微量元素特征相近,以高B2O低BaO为特征区别于中原地区的绿松石样品。在产地区分模型中,代表加依墓地和西沟墓地出土绿松石的散点聚集成团,且明显区分于白河、郧县、洛南、竹山、淅川五地的散点分布区域。综上结果表明新疆东部两处遗址的绿松石制品与中原东秦岭五处绿松石矿区所产矿料的成分差异较大,鉴于近年来新疆哈密发现与两处遗址同时代的绿松石采矿遗址,推测加依墓地、西沟墓地的绿松石制品其矿料来自中原地区的可能性较小。     

氮肥管理对夏玉米土壤CH4和N2O排放的影响

通过设置四个不同的氮肥管理措施, 即氮肥施用量300 kg N/ha (N300)和250 kg N/ha (N250)、改进的施肥模式(Optimized)以及施用缓释肥(SRU), 研究华北平原夏玉米生长季土壤与大气之间CH₄和N₂O的交换通量及相应措施的减排潜力. 结果表明, 在2008年整个夏玉米生长季, 土壤都是大气CH₄的净吸收库和N₂O的排放源. 夏玉米生长季土壤氧化吸收的CH₄总量从大到小依次为Optimized > N250 > SRU > N300, 对应的吸收总量依次为624.16、590.07、487.89以及316.02 g CH₄-C/ha, 各处理间氧化吸收的CH₄总量无显著差异. 与N300和N250这两个处理相比, 依据夏玉米对氮肥的需肥规律以及玉米根层土壤速效氮的供给能力而确定氮肥施用量, 同时再平衡施用磷肥和钾肥的改进施肥模式能够显著降低夏玉米生长季N₂O的排放. 施用聚乙烯包膜的尿素也能够显著降低夏玉米季N₂O的排放. 夏玉米生长季土壤排放的N₂O总量从大到小依次为N300 > N250 > Optimized > SRU, 对应的排放总量依次为3462.18、2340.07、1680.00以及911.91 g N2O-N/ha, 相应的N₂O排放系数分别为1.15%、0.94%、0.91%以及0.30%.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION WITH A COMPREHENSIVE CHEMICAL TRANSPORT MODEL OF NITRATE, SULFATE, AND AMMONIUM AEROSOL DISTRIBUTIONS OVER EAST ASIA

The transport and chemical production processes of nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium aerosols over East Asia were investigated by use of the Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality （CMAQ） modeling system coupled with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System （RAMS）. For the evaluation of the model＇s ability in depicting their 3-dimensional concentration distributions and temporal variations, modeled concentrations of nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium aerosols are compared with the observations obtained at a ground station in Japan in March 2001 and onboard of an aircraft DC-8 on 18 and 21 March 2001 during the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific （TRACE-P） field campaign. Comparison shows that simulated values of nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium aerosols are generally in good agreement with their observed data, and the model captures most important observed features, and reproduces temporal and spatial variations of nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium aerosol concentrations reasonably well, e.g., the timing and locations of the concentration spikes of nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium aerosols are well reproduced, but large discrepancies between observed and simulated values are also clearly seen at some points and some times due to the coarse grid resolution and uncertainties of the emissions used in this study. This comparison results indicate that CMAQ is able to simulate the distributions of nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium aerosols and their related species in the troposphere over East Asia reasonably well.     

东亚地区大气环流的季节划分及其时空变化特征

利用NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2 1979-2009年位势高度场、温度场、湿度场和风场逐日再分析资料,采用考虑面积权重的区域多要素最优分割法,对东亚地区大气环流的季节进行划分,并分析了四季起始时间的时空变化特征.研究结果表明:1)东亚地区春季最早始于中高纬地区的平流层和副热带的对流层中下层;夏季最早始于中高纬的平流层和副热带、中纬度地区的对流层中上层;秋、冬季开始最早的地区集中在东亚地区东部和东北部的对流层中低层,以及中高纬的平流层. 2)季节变化与环流形势密切相关,且对流层各个层次的夏季和冬季起始时间的分布均有较好的垂直一致性,平流层与对流层各季节起始时间分布有较大的差异性,平流层中层和下层也并不一致. 3)华北地区四季平均起始时间距平序列的逐年演变特征表明近30年该地区出现了6个四季起始时间异常偏早的年份,与El Niño活跃年份相一致,反映了海温等外强迫对大气环流季节变化的影响. 关键词： 季节划分 东亚地区 区域多要素最优分割法     

ON THE CHANGES OF MEANING OF “LI” AND “LIXUE” (“FORCE” AND “MECHANICS” IN CHINESE)1)

在古代中国,“力”字和“力学”一词早就出现了。“力”的含义最初是对“人的力量”的直观描述,后来发展到对一般物体的重力的描述,再到对运动状态原因的描述。本文对“力”字含义的变迁进行了辨析。中国现代“力学”是西学东渐的结果,学科名字的确定过程也有不小的 曲折。通过分析确定“力学”为学科名字的过程,揭示了中国古人对“力学”学科理解的变迁。     

NEW METHOD FOR LOW ORDER SPECTRAL MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION

In order to overcome the deficiency in classical method of low order spectral model, a new method for low order spectral model was advanced. Through calculating the multiple correlation coefficients between combinations of different functions and the recorded data under the least square criterion, the truncated functions which can mostly reflect the studied physical phenomenon were objectively distilled from these data. The new method overcomes the deficiency of artificially selecting the truncated functions in the classical low order spectral model. The new method being applied to study the inter-annual variation of summer atmospheric circulation over Northern Hemisphere, the truncated functions were obtained with the atmospheric circulation data of June 1994 and June 1998. The mechanisms for the two-summer atmospheric circulation variations over Northern Hemisphere were obtained with two-layer quasi-geostrophic baroclinic equation.     

Cloud and aerosol contributions to variation in shortwave surface irradiance over East Asia in July during 2001 and 2007

It is important to clarify the contributions of clouds and aerosols to the variation of surface shortwave irradiance (S) for climatological studies. This study examined the contributions of clouds and aerosols to the variation in S over East Asia (75-135°E, 20-55°N) in July during 2001 and 2007 using the index of potential radiative forcing (PRF) to characterize the temporal and geographical variations. After confirming the validity of PRF for multiyear analyses, we performed several temporal analyses of clouds and aerosols over the whole research domain. Changes in the geographical distribution, contribution histograms, and averaged values were studied. In agreement with previous studies that treated single-year cases, we confirmed that the magnitudes of the temporal changes in S variations due to clouds and aerosols were highly variable geographically. As for domain-averaged S variations, we did not observe defined trends for the research period. It was also found that the temporal variation between one parameter and its S variation was negatively correlated, from the point analyses at two locations. Based on these results, we concluded that PRF is a promising tool for research into long-term S variations. This kind of information will be quite valuable as basic data for use in climate modeling.