Determination of inorganic anions, carboxylic acids and amino acids in plant matrices by capillary zone electrophoresis

Summary Physiological investigations of solute transport in plants affords knowledge of solute distribution between different tissues. Capillary electrophoresis using indirect UV and laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection is demonstrated as a useful technique for the simultaneous determination of inorganic anions, amino acids and carboxylic acids in plant samples. Cell sap obtained from plant tissues as well as simple ethanolic or aqueous plant extracts can be analysed directly without any pretreatment. This matrix stability and the very small volumes required allow fast determinations of various compounds in small plant tissue sections. In the case of carboxylic acids, resolution can be optimized using calcium for selective complexation of some of the compounds. Selective and sensitive determination of amino acids is possible using precolumn derivatisation with orthophthaldialdehyde (OPA) and laser induced fluorescence detection. Presented at the 21^st ISC held in Stuttgart, Germany, 15^th–20^th September, 1996     

离子色谱法测定大豆木质部汁液中的Cl-、SO42-、NO3-、PO43-、柠檬酸和苹果酸

建立了离子色谱法测定大豆木质部汁液中Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、PO_4~(3-)、柠檬酸和苹果酸的方法。Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、PO_4~(3-)、柠檬酸和苹果酸的检出限分别为0.01、0.04、0.05、0.05、0.30和0.10 mg/L,相对标准偏差分别为8.34％、4.68％、9.54％、6.86％、5.52％和7.50％,线性范围分别为0.5～50.0、1.0～100.0、0.5～50.0、1.0～100.0、5.0～100.0和1.0～100.0 mg/L,回收率分别为103％～106.7％、92％～98.7％、93％～95.5％、91.7％～92％、93.2％～106％和94％～108.3％。方法简便、快速,测定结果准确,无干扰。     

Purification and dual-column HPLC determination of carboxylic acids in tissues,phloem and xylem saps of soybean plants

Summary A method for the determination of carboxylic acids in phloem sap, xylem sap and tissue extracts of soybean plants is reported. An easy and rapid procedure for the purification of the samples has been developed. Carboxylic acids were determined by isocratic HPLC. The separation of the first-eluting carboxylic acids and the unretained solutes have been improved by connecting an ion-exclusion column to the reversed-phase column. This chromatographic method also improved the separation of some carboxylic acids. The optimized method was applied to the determination of the carboxylic acids transported in xylem and phloem saps of soybean plants, or accumulated in their root tissues.     

Characterization of Conifers and Their Products by Optical Atomic Spectrometry

Abstract

Conifers are primarily evergreen trees that are widely distributed; admired for their beauty; used as biomonitors for elements; processed for lumber, paper, fuel, and other products; and employed for food and medicinal products. Optical atomic spectrometry includes the widely used elemental analysis techniques of atomic absorption, atomic emission, and atomic fluorescence. This review considers applications of optical atomic spectrometry for conifers and their products. The goal is to assemble these diverse applications to assist analytical chemists and associated scientists in the development of methodology. The conclusion summarizes these studies and forecasts future developments.     

Profiling of widely targeted metabolomics for the identification of chemical composition in epidermis,xylem and pith of Gleditsiae Spina

Gleditsiae Spina, the thorn of Gleditsia sinensis Lam., has a long history of being used as a traditional medicine in East Asian countries. However, only a few biologically active substances have been identified from it. In this study, the epidermis, xylem and pith of Gleditsiae Spina, respectively Gs-E, Gs-X and Gs-P, were studied. We used a widely targeted metabolomics method to investigate the chemical composition of Gs-E, Gs-X and Gs-P. A total of 728 putative metabolites were identified from Gleditsiae Spina, including 211 primary metabolites and 517 secondary metabolites. These primary and secondary metabolites could be categorized into more than 10 different classes. Flavonoids, phenolic acids, lipids, amino acids and derivatives, and organic acids constituted the main metabolite groups. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the Gs-E, Gs-X and Gs-P samples could be clearly separated. Differential accumulated metabolite (DAM) analysis revealed that more than half of the DAMs exhibited the highest relative concentrations in Gs-E, and most of the DAMs showed the lowest relative concentrations in Gs-X. Moreover, 11 common differential primary metabolites and 79 common differential secondary metabolites were detected in all comparison groups. These results further our understanding of chemical composition and metabolite accumulation of Gleditsiae Spina.     

Application of capillary electrophoretic methods for the analysis of plant phloem and xylem saps composition: A review

Plant vascular tissue is essential for the exchange of water, nutrients, metabolic products, and signals among distant organs in cormophytes. The compositions of phloem and xylem saps are highly dependent on many internal and external factors, and thus their analysis provides a valuable insight into plant physiology, growth, and development as well as nutrition status or presence of biotic or abiotic stresses. Capillary electrophoresis characterized by highly efficient separations and minuscule sample requirements represents a suitable analytical technique for this purpose because the sap constitutes a complex mixture with generally minimal availability. This review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of published capillary electrophoretic methods for the analysis of primary components present in the phloem and xylem saps of higher plants.     

常见针叶行道树化学成分研究进展

根据近20年文献报道,针叶行道树化学成分的研究在国内已经逐渐成为热点,其含有的挥发油、油脂、黄酮以及莽草酸具有各自不同的作用,大部分可以用于医治疾病。作者按照化学分类综述了国内主要针叶行道树的化学成分及其药理活性,为进一步研究针叶行道树的化学成分提供了参考。     

Assay of 44 compounds in the cortex and xylem from roots and branches of Ginkgo biloba L. by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and chemometric analysis

The leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. have received much attention, whereas there has been little systematic analysis of the cortex and xylem from roots and branches. A comprehensive evaluation of the 44 compounds in the cortex and xylem would thus be of value to fully understand the potential medicinal properties of roots and branches. An assay of amino acids, terpene lactones, flavones, and phenolic acids was accomplished using ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. All of the calibration curves showed good linear regression (R² > 0.9902) within the tested ranges. The intra‐ and interday precision was less than 4.9% and the accuracy was within ±6.8%. The amount of terpene lactones in the cortex was 1.75–2.07‐fold higher than that in the leaves. The amount of glutamine (360 μg/g) in the taproot xylem was 2.64‐fold higher than that in the leaves (136 μg/g). Principal component analysis decreased in the order leaves > taproot cortex > rootlet > laterals cortex > branch cortex > stem cortex > taproot xylem > branch xylem > laterals xylem > stem xylem. The taproot of G. biloba might provide a supplementary source of terpene lactones, especially ginkgolide A and C, and of glutamine.     

Simulations of Water Flow Through Bordered Pits of Conifer Xylem

Bordered pits between tracheids play an important role in the water conductivity of conifer xylem. There have been many attempts to model xylem as a water conducting medium, and to estimate its permeability. As the microscopic structure of xylem is highly complex, it is however very difficult to numerically solve the flow equations. New methods have recently been developed by which the flow is simulated rather than found by solving appropriate equations. In this work the lattice-Boltzmann method was used to simulate the flow in bordered pits of conifer xylem, and their permeability was thereby determined. To this end the permeability of two-dimensional screens was also analyzed.