利用弧形光栅尺测量大型转轴扭矩的原理研究

利用弧形光栅尺的旋转微位移测量功能,组建一组测量体系,用于测量巨型转轴的扭矩。采用四组相同的弧形光栅尺同时测量两截面的相对转角,通过多点测量实现误差均化,得出了消除转轴直径对测量影响的公式,使仪器的环境适应能力得到了极大地提高。根据不同的工作情况,提出了相应的动态测量扭矩的计算方程。实现了大型机械设备主传动的动力监测,为设备自动化、智能化奠定了基础。     

以聚乙二醇-b-聚四乙烯基吡啶为模板制备聚联苯胺微/纳米颗粒及其电容特性

以两亲性嵌段共聚物聚乙二醇-b-聚四乙烯基吡啶(PEO-b-P4VP)为模板制备聚联苯胺微/纳米颗粒,调节模板剂胶束溶液pH,得到了一系列形貌和尺寸可控的聚联苯胺微/纳米颗粒。利用红外光谱、核磁共振、透射电镜、循环伏安、恒电流放电、交流阻抗等测试对材料的结构和性能进行了表征。模板法合成的聚联苯胺为平均直径小于200nm的亚微米至纳米级棒状颗粒,其直径随着模板剂胶束溶液pH的降低而增加。所得聚联苯胺颗粒均显示了一定的电化学活性,当电流密度为1A/g时,聚联苯胺的比电容量达到306.3F/g,经过长时间的充放电测试,不同条件下合成的聚联苯胺的容量衰减率均很小,表现出良好的循环稳定性且各样品电化学性能呈现出随着直径的减小而增强的趋势。     

Targeted Construction of Amorphous MoSx with an Inherent Chain Molecular Structure for Improved Pseudocapacitive Lithium-Ion Response

Owing to low ion/electron conductivity and large volume change, transitional metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) suffer from inferior cycle stability and rate capability when used as the anode of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). To overcome these disadvantages, amorphous molybdenum sulfide (MoS_x) nanospheres were prepared and coated with an ultrathin carbon layer through a simple one-pot reaction. Combining X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with theoretical calculations, MoS_x was confirmed as having a special chain molecular structure with two forms of S bonding (S²⁻ and S₂²⁻), the optimal adsorption sites of Li⁺ were located at S₂²⁻. As a result, the MoS_x electrode exhibits superior cycle and rate capacities compared with crystalline 2H-MoS₂ (e.g., delivering a high capacity of 612.4 mAh g⁻¹ after 500 cycles at 1 A g⁻¹). This is mainly attributed to more exposed active S₂²⁻ sites for Li storage, more Li⁺ transfer pathways for improved ion conductivity, and suppressed electrode structure pulverization of MoS_x derived from the inherent chain-like molecular structure. Quantitative charge storage analysis further demonstrates the improved pseudocapacitive contribution of amorphous MoS_x induced by fast reaction kinetics. Moreover, the morphology contrast after cycling demonstrates the dispersion of active materials is more uniform for MoS_x than 2H-MoS₂, suggesting the MoS_x can well accommodate the volume stress of the electrode during discharging. Through regulating the molecular structure, this work provides an effective targeted strategy to overcome the intrinsic issues of TMDs for high-performance LIBs.     

A Polyoxometalate-Based Binder-Free Capacitive Deionization Electrode for Highly Efficient Sea Water Desalination

Capacitive deionization is a promising technique in sea water desalination. Compared with common electrodes, mixed capacitive-deionization electrodes exhibit better performance in sea water desalination because they integrate pseudocapacitance and electric double-layer capacitance in one system. Herein, a 3D binder-free mixed capacitive-deionization electrode was fabricated by direct electrodeposition of SiW₁₂O₄₀⁴⁻ and polyaniline on a 3D exfoliated graphite carrier. In this electrode, SiW₁₂O₄₀⁴⁻/polyaniline composite particles with a size of about 100–120 nm are dispersed homogenously on the 3D exfoliated graphite carrier. Its specific capacitance reaches 352 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹. With increasing current from 1 to 20 A g⁻¹, the specific capacitance only decays by 32 %. When employed in sea water desalination, the performance of this mixed capacitive-deionization electrode is also excellent. At 1.2 V, the salt adsorption capacity of this mixed electrode reaches 23.1 mg g⁻¹ with a salt adsorption rate of 1.38 mg g⁻¹ min⁻¹ in 500 mg L⁻¹ NaCl. The performance of this electrode is well retained after 30 cycles. The excellent sea water desalination performance originates from the synergistic effect between SiW₁₂O₄₀⁴⁻ and polyaniline. This work has developed polyoxometalate as a new material for capacitive-deionization electrodes.     

基于FPGA的电容式编码器数据采集系统的设计与实现

电容式编码器是一种新型、耐用、可靠和准确的编码器。由于电容式编码器编码的原理不同于传统的光学式和电磁式编码器,其输出的位置信息是经过两路激励信号调制后的正弦波形,与传统的正余弦(和)和方波(PWM)输出方式差异较大,因此其信号检测技术也和传统的编码器有很大的差别。为了精确地获取电容式编码器输出信号中所携带的位置信息,本文设计了一套基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的电容式编码器数据采集系统。文中介绍了带通滤波器、同步正交解调、低通滤波器和Cordic等算法,并详细分析了系统的稳定性和误差。实验结果表明,系统能够实时的获取转子的位置信息,同时具有较好的分辨率和精度。     

Fabrication and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanowire Based Two-electrode Capacitive Biosensors on Flexible Substrates for Estimating Glucose Content in a Sample

The present work deals with fabrication and characterization of the zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowire based novel two-electrode capacitive biosensors on flexible Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates for accurate estimation of glucose by analyzing the fundamental dielectric nature of the relevant sample. The morphology and crystalline quality of grown nanowires are analyzed by using field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD), respectively. Current and capacitance values of the device have been studied for ten different glucose concentrations relevant to the physiological standards. The analytical performance of the devices in terms of enzyme activity, reliability and flexibility has also been evaluated.     

Maximization of Spatial Charge Density: An Approach to Ultrahigh Energy Density of Capacitive Charge Storage

Capacitive energy storage has advantages of high power density, long lifespan, and good safety, but is restricted by low energy density. Inspired by the charge storage mechanism of batteries, a spatial charge density (SCD) maximization strategy is developed to compensate this shortage by densely and neatly packing ionic charges in capacitive materials. A record high SCD (ca. 550 C cm^?3) was achieved by balancing the valance and size of charge‐carrier ions and matching the ion sizes with the pore structure of electrode materials, nearly five times higher than those of conventional ones (ca. 120 C cm^?3). The maximization of SCD was confirmed by Monte Carlo calculations, molecular dynamics simulations, and in situ electrochemical Raman spectroscopy. A full‐cell supercapacitor was further constructed; it delivers an ultrahigh energy density of 165 Wh L^?1 at a power density of 150 WL^?1 and retains 120 Wh L^?1 even at 36 kW L^?1, opening a pathway towards high‐energy‐density capacitive energy storage.     

石墨烯/硫酸铅复合材料的制备及其在铅酸电池中的电化学性能

利用简单的浸渍法制备了石墨烯/硫酸铅复合材料,使得硫酸铅可以直接用作铅酸电池负极材料。该复合材料分别以100 mA·g^-1、200 mA·g^-1和300 mA·g^-1电流密度放电时,平均放电比容量分别可达到110、94和69 mAh·g^-1,而硫酸铅仅为49、5和0.5 mAh·g^-1,显示出复合材料在高倍率充放电下更好的比容量和再接受充电能力。循环伏安测试表明石墨烯的电容效应随扫描速率增大而增强,同时析氢也变得严重,使得复合材料在充放电过程中充电效率比纯硫酸铅低20%。在充放电过程中,石墨烯能够提高硫酸铅1倍以上的放电容量,并将充电电压提高0.1 V。XRD和SEM结果显示硫酸铅均匀分布在石墨烯片层上,没有出现团聚现象。     

不同形貌氧化镍纳米材料的合成及其电化学性能

以水-乙二醇为溶剂,以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为表面活性剂,采用溶剂热法合成了NiO纳米片,NiO纳米薄片通过自组装形成花状结构。 改变反应温度和溶剂,制备了NiO纳米立方体颗粒和NiO纳米球形颗粒。 用合成的NiO纳米材料制备工作电极,在6 mol/L的KOH溶液中利用三电极体系进行了电化学性能测试。 在电化学性能测试中进行了循环伏安测试、恒电流充放电测试和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试。 结果表明,NiO纳米片的比电容最高(在电流密度为0.5 A/g时比电容值为402 F/g),倍率性能最佳(0.5 A/g增加至4 A/g时有80.1%的电容保持率)。 在电流密度为4 A/g时对NiO纳米片进行1000次恒流充放电循环测试,比电容损失了9.7%。     

增量式轴角编码器的电子细分及零位处理

使用单片机对增量式光电轴角编码器产生的叠栅条纹信号进行计数和电子细分,便可将轴的机械转动模拟量转换成数字量;加上固定参考零位后,可使编码器具有"记忆"功能,因此对如何解决零位技术问题做了详细分析说明,并给出了实际解决方案.