光辐射计量测试技术

简要介绍国外光辐射计量采用的主要方法、测试手段和发展趋势。为了满足国防系统对光辐射计量的需要建立了一批计量标难，解决了光辐射源辐射特性和探测器特性计量测试问题。     

Classical fluids of negative heat capacity

It is shown that new parametersX can be defined such that the heat capacity C_xT(S/T)_x is negative, even when the canonical ensemble [i.e., at fixed T=(U/S)_Y and YX] is stable. This implies an extension of the classical theory of polytropes from ideal gases to general fluids. As examples of negative heat capacity systems we treat blackbody radiation and general gas systems with nonsingular _T. For the case of a simple ideal gas we even exhibit an apparatus which enforces a constraint X(p, V)=const that makes C_x<0. We then show that it is possible to infer the statistical mechanics of canonicallyunstable systems-for which even the traditional heat capacities are negative-by imposing constraints that stabilize the associated noncanonical ensembles. Two explicit models are discussed.     

黑体辐射公式的量纲分析

量纲分析是研究物理问题的重要方法之一.本文对量纲分析的解题步骤做了梳理归纳,并对于黑体辐射公式进行了量纲分析.     

Modified radiation laws of a rectangular Kerr nonlinear blackbody

A Kerr nonlinear blackbody (KNB) is a new kind of blackbody in which bare photons with opposite wave vectors and helicities are bound into pairs and unpaired photons are transformed into nonpolaritons. In the present paper, we focus our investigation on the modified radiation laws, such as Planck and Stefan-Boltzmann radiation laws, of a rectangular KNB. Besides, the case of a KNB with no symmetry axes is also discussed. Finally, we make a numerical calculation of modified radiation laws of a cubic KNB under appropriate conditions, and we consider this work may lay the foundation for the experimental verification of the model of a KNB.     

用单色亮度比较法确定高温黑体的温度

高温黑体温度的测量水平将直接影响光谱辐射度量值的不确定度。我国的高温温标截止于 2 2 0 0℃。确定2 2 0 0℃以上范围内的温度必须进行温度延伸。从Planck公式的定义出发 ,推导出用单色亮度比较法进行温度延伸的原理和方法。在国家光谱辐射度基准改造中 ,该方法被用来确定高温黑体的温度。实验证明 :使用参考灯替代法能够有效消除探测器灵敏度漂移带来的误差。此外 ,旁证实验用来验证该方案的可行性。     

并联倒锥黑体腔

处于并联态的几个等角倒锥嵌于腔体开口端,其间的细长狭缝几乎能耗尽腔体的入射光能,以此概念模拟黑体得ε=0.99999999的大口径黑体模拟器。     

The statistical mechanical resolution of a thermodynamic “paradox”

We discuss a thermodynamic paradox suggested by Fallows and Greenleaf. Using quantum statistical mechanics, we analyze the problem in detail, showing why no paradox arises.This work was carried out some time ago, circulated as a MIT internal report, and has since enjoyed a modest popularity. We are pleased to publish it more broadly in this volume dedicated to the memory of such an outstanding researcher as Prof. P. Résibois. (MOS)     

黑体辐射在工业冶炼金属镍中的应用

本文主要介绍一种金属镍出炉时间的自动控制方法。在冶镍炉上开一个小孔,近似认为是理想黑体,通过光路选择系统将辐射出的光照射在热电偶上,然后将热电偶上的电压信号用运算放大器放大,可以获得温度和电动势之间的关系。通过一个微控制器形成一个闭环的测温和反馈系统,以构成一个实时的控制系统.     

实现光辐射度量基准的几种方法

总结实现光辐射度量基准的几种主要方法,包括黑体辐射器法、电替代绝对辐射计法、自校准硅光电二极管法和光电探测器量子效率绝对测量法。并对各种方法的优缺点进行比较。     

激光冷却铯原子喷泉频标的黑体辐射频移

研究了激光冷却铯原子喷泉频标的黑体辐射频移（包括黑体辐射塞曼频移和黑体辐射斯塔克频移）,推导了频移的计算公式,估算了室温下频移及其不确定度的大小,分析了黑体辐射频移对频标准确度的影响。结果表明：１）室温下黑体辐射塞曼频移可达１０＾－１５量级,在评定铯原子喷泉频标准确度时,需要对此项频移加以修正;２）在利用直流斯塔克效应估算黑体辐射斯塔克频移时,由直流极化率常数ｘ的测量误差导致的黑体辐射斯塔克频移的