机载海洋激光测深系统参量设计与最大探测深度能力分析

详细讨论了机载海洋激光测深系统最大测量深度与相关因子之间的关系，并利用最小可探测信噪比为判据，对机载海洋激光测深系统在白天和晚上工作进行了数值模拟，通过比较最大测量深度与激光脉冲峰值功率、接收视场角、接收口径和光谱接收带宽等关系，确定了系统的主要参量。以确定的参量建立的系统具有白天49m和晚上65m的最大测深能力，可完全满足在沿岸带以及岛礁的测量要求。     

机载激光海深勘测系统的发展

机载激光海洋测深系统对快速而便宜地绘制沿海海图和探测潜艇有重要意义。本文综述该系统的优缺点、工作原理及研制状况。     

A high‐order PIC method for advection‐dominated flow with application to shallow water waves

A hybrid Eulerian‐Lagrangian particle‐in‐cell–type numerical method is developed for the solution of advection‐dominated flow problems. Particular attention is given over to the high‐order transfer of flow properties from the particles to the grid. For smooth flows, the method presented is of formal high‐order accuracy in space. The method is applied to solve the nonlinear shallow water equations resulting in a new, and novel, shock capturing shallow water solver. The approach is able to simulate complex shallow water flows, which can contain an arbitrary number of discontinuities. Both trivial and nontrivial bottom topography is considered, and it is shown that the new scheme is inherently well balanced, exactly satisfying the ‐property. The scheme is verified against several one‐dimensional benchmark shallow water problems. These include cases that involve transcritical flow regimes, shock waves, and nontrivial bathymetry. In all the test cases presented, very good results are obtained.     

Arc arrays: studies of high resolution techniques for multibeam bathymetric applications

In this paper a theoretical study is initiated to observe the utility of directional spectral estimation techniques for ‘arc array’ geometries. We examine the suitability of a 15 ° arc transducer geometry for multibeam bathymetric applications. This geometry is tested using the Bartlett method for varying arc and linear arrays of 30-elements. We also examine ‘high resolution techniques’ such as the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method and the Maximum Entropy (ME) methods (different orders), for 16-element arrays of 15 ° arc. The superiority of the high resolution methods is seen by examining the beam patterns of the 15 ° arc array under multiple source/interference conditions, i.e. the situation for rough terrain or artefactcreating conditions. Furthermore, the 15 ° arc array geometry is found to be useful for multifrequency applications at different operating wavelengths, which is useful for underwater bathymetric applications.     

基于地形图像特征与模糊决策的海底地形可导航性分析方法

基于多波束测深数据和图像匹配技术的水下地形辅助导航方法需要对实施区域的地形可导航性进行评估,其中的地形独特性计算需要提取图像特征,并利用各特征参数进行综合评判。地形图像的直方图包含实际地理区域的起伏程度信息,通过定义直方图复杂度对此信息进行了有效提取。均方根对比度和拉普拉斯模方和分别侧重描述了地形整体和局部的变化程度,图像的二维熵从信息论的角度反映了地理区域包含的信息量。此外,依据单一特征参数对于待评价地形的可导航性进行排名,其结果存在不一致性,利用模糊综合评判对各参数的信息进行了有效综合。通过实测多波束地形数据仿真分析,基于图像纹理特征的地形匹配方法,在模糊评判结果最优的地形区域能够将匹配误差限制在2 m以内,结果验证了该可导航性分析方法的有效性。     

海南岛沿岸海域水体漫衰减系数光谱分析及LiDAR测深能力估算

机载激光雷达测深是近年来蓬勃发展的主动式水深测量方法,能够快速精准地获取近岸水深和水下地形,特别是对于浅海、岛礁等船只无法达到的区域具有显著优势。而机载激光雷达系统的测深能力主要受到水体浑浊度的影响。激光测深实验中对实验区域的水体浑浊度研究将有助于实验方案的设计。以中国海南岛沿岸海域为例,研究了该海域水体浑浊度和机载激光雷达测深系统CZMIL(coastal zone mapping and imaging LiDAR)测深能力之间的关系,建立了运用水体漫衰减系数估算机载激光雷达测深系统测深能力的算法。首先分析并确定了实验区域的漫衰减系数K_d(490)反演算法;其次,运用该区域实测光学数据建立了漫衰减系数K_d(490)和K_d(532)之间的数值关系;接着总结了K_d(532)和CZMIL系统最大测深值之间的关系;最后运用MODIS数据合成了海南岛沿岸海域在CZMIL系统海道测量模式下的测深能力空间分布图,重点分析了海口和陵水附近海域的最大可测水深分布情况。为海南岛沿岸海域开展激光测深实验提供了参考和依据。     

A coupled-mode model for water wave scattering by vertically sheared currents in variable bathymetry regions

A coupled-mode model is developed for treating the wave–current–seabed interaction problem, with application to wave scattering by non-homogeneous, sheared current with linear vertical velocity profile, over general bottom topography. The wave potential is represented by a series of local vertical modes containing the propagating and evanescent modes, plus additional terms accounting for the satisfaction of the boundary conditions. Using the above representation, in conjunction with a variational principle, a coupled system of differential equations on the horizontal plane is derived, with respect to the unknown modal amplitudes. In the case of small-amplitude waves, a linearized version of the above coupled-mode system is obtained, extending previous analysis by Belibassakis et al. (2011) to the propagation of water waves over variable bathymetry regions in the presence of vertically sheared currents. Keeping only the propagating mode in the vertical expansion of the wave potential, the present system reduces to a one-equation model, that is shown to extend known mild-slope mild vertical shear equation concerning wave–current interaction over slowly varying topography. After additional simplifications, the latter model is shown to be compatible with the extended mild-slope mild-shear equation by Touboul et al. (2016). Results are presented for various representative test cases demonstrating the usefulness of the present coupled mode system and the importance of various terms in the modal expansion, and compared against experimental data collected in wave flume validating the present method. The analytical structure of the present system facilitates extensions to model non-linear effects and applications concerning wave scattering by inhomogeneous currents in coastal regions with general 3D bottom topography.     

A Cartesian method for fitting the bathymetry and tracking the dynamic position of the shoreline in a three-dimensional, hydrodynamic model

This paper presents a Cartesian method for the simultaneous fitting of the bathymetry and shorelines in a three-dimensional, hydrodynamic model for free-surface flows. The model, named LESS3D (Lake & Estuarine Simulation System in Three Dimensions), solves flux-based finite difference equations in the Cartesian-coordinate system (x,y,z). It uses a bilinear bottom to fit the bottom topography and keeps track the dynamic position of the shoreline. The resulting computational cells are hybrid: interior cells are regular Cartesian grid cells with six rectangular faces, and boundary/bottom cells (at least one face is the water–solid interface) are unstructured cells whose faces are generally not rectangular. With the bilinear interpolation, the shape of a boundary/bottom cell can be determined at each time step. This allows the Cartesian coordinate model to accurately track the dynamic position of the shorelines. The method was tested with a laboratory experiment of a Tsunami runup case on a circular island. It was also tested for an estuary in Florida, USA. Both model applications demonstrated that the Cartesian method is quite robust. Because the present method does not require any coordinate transformation, it can be an attractive alternative to curvilinear grid model.     

浅水多波束高帧率测深技术研究

针对常规多波束测量中由于远距离目标信号未到达接收基阵而不能再次发射探测信号,导致测深帧率下降的问题,提出了基于Kasami编码的浅水多波束高帧率测深方法。首先讨论了频分复用高帧率测深方法、基于Kasami编码的并行高帧率测深方法和串行高帧率测深方法的原理,然后通过仿真对比了三种方法的条带间干扰和测深精度的性能,最后分析表明基于Kasami编码的串行高帧率测深方法具有较低的条带间干扰能力和较高的测深精度。最后采用国产首套浅水宽覆盖多波束测深系统进行了水池实验验证,结果表明该方法在保证测量精度的情况下,可有效的提高测量帧率。     

机载激光测深系统中海面波浪影响的改正

针对研制的新型机载激光测深系统的海上飞行试验数据,进行预处理、信息提取、数据同步和坐标转换后,开展波浪改正研究.对海底高程的GPS高程信息无波浪改正、GPS高程信息改正飞机航高变化计算波浪和加速度信息改正飞机航高变化计算波浪三种技术进行了分析.数据处理结果表明,采用加速度信息改正飞机航高变化计算得到的波浪信息的方法,结果较好,可满足研制的机载激光测深系统的要求.