Einstein,de Sitter and the beginning of relativistic cosmology in 1917

In 1917, both Einstein and de Sitter proposed a new interpretation of the universe as a whole: the structure of the universe could be described in terms of relativistic field equations. Their contributions marked the beginning of the modern scientific comprehension of the origin and evolution of the universe. Our aim is to propose a critical review paper, based on references in primary sources, on the formulation in 1917 of Einstein’s and de Sitter’s models of the universe, which represents a fundamental chapter in the history of relativistic Cosmology.     

Einstein as Engineer:The Case of the Little Machine

I first discuss Albert Einstein’s practical and educational background in engineering and then his invention of his “little machine,” an electrostatic induction machine, while working in the Patent Office in Bern, Switzerland, between 1902 and 1909. He believed that it could be used as a voltage or potential multiplier in experiments to test his new theory of Brownian motion of 1905. I then discuss Einstein’s search for collaborators to produce it and the work that his friends Conrad and Paul Habicht, in particular, did in designing and testing it. Although the initial response to it was promising, it never became a success after Paul Habicht manufactured a few specimens of it beginning in 1912.Today only three specimens are known to exist; these are preserved at the Zürcher Hochschule Winterthur, Switzerland, in the Physics Institute of the University of Tübingen, Germany, and in the Museum Boerhaave in Leiden,The Netherlands.