Modelling of composting of food waste in a column reactor

The composting of organic solid waste, the mixture of fruit and vegetable leftovers enriched with night soil, was investigated in a closed thermally insulated reactor. It was found that 80.9 % of the original substrate biodegraded after 14 days. A mathematical model of the column reactor was proposed where the biodegradation rate of the organic solid waste was described using simple n-thorder kinetics. A good prediction of process performance was obtained using the proposed kinetics and experimentally obtained reaction heat. Presented at the 33rd International Conference of the Slovak Society of Chemical Engineering, Tatranské Matliare, 22–26 May 2006.     

添加有机肥和葡萄糖对铜毒害旱地红壤微生物生物量的影响

在预培红壤中加入定量的有机肥和葡萄糖及不同浓度的Cu,25℃培养14d，测定了土壤微生物生物量C（Cmic),N(Nmic)。结果表明，存在有机肥和葡萄糖时，土壤中Cmic和Nmic随着Cu浓度的增加而降低；Cmic/Nmic随着Cu浓度的增加而增大。施加有机肥和葡萄糖的土壤中，在所有Cu处理浓度下，土壤中Cmic和Nmic均比未加有机物质处理高，特别是有机肥处理中土壤Cmic和Nmic均比其它处理高得多，说明有机肥可明显减轻Cu对土壤微生物生物量的毒性，同时也说明有机肥可提供微生物N源。不含Cu时，加入有机肥和葡萄糖导致土壤中Cmic和Nmic增加，其中有机肥明显。     

Composting of urban solid residues (USR) by different dispositions

The thermal behavior and non-isothermal kinetics of thermal decomposition of three different kinds of composting of the USR like: stack with drilled PVC tubes (ST), revolved stack (SR) and stack with material of structure (SM), from the usine of composing of Araraquara city, Săo Paulo state, Brazil, within a period of 132 days of composting were studied. Results from TG, DTG and DSC curves obtained on inert atmosphere indicated that the cellulosic fraction present, despite the slow degradation during the composting process, is thermally less stable than other substances originated from that process. Due to that behavior, the cellulosic fraction decomposition could be kinetically evaluated through non-isothermal methods of analysis. The values obtained were: average activation energy, Ea=248, 257 and 259 kJ mol^-1 and pre- exponential factor, logA=21.4, 22.5, 22.7 min^-1, to the ST, SR and SM, respectively. From Ea and logA values and DSC curves, Málek procedure could be applied, suggesting that the SB (Šesták-Berggren) kinetic model is the appropriated one to the first thermal decomposition step. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

玉米叶片残体腐解过程的傅里叶变换红外光谱研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱对玉米植株叶片残体腐解过程进行了研究。结果表明，随着玉米叶片残体腐解的进行，羟基，酮碳基，甲基，在和次甲基的含量逐渐降收据 的含量增加。     

A novel process for anaerobic composting of municipal solid waste

A novel process has been developed and evaluated in a pilotscale program for conversion of the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) to methane via anaerobic composting. The sequential batch anaerobic composting (SEBAC) process employs leachate management to provide organisms, moisture, and nutrients required for rapid conversion of MSW and removal of inhibitory fermentation products during start-up. The biodegradable organic materials are converted to methane and carbon dioxide in 21–42 d, rather than the years required in landfills.     

Phosphorus and Energy Recovery from Manure and Digestion Residues

Abstract

Human and animal excrements, in particular manure, stand for a significant and undisputable source of plant nutrients and renewable energy. In Europe, only 36% of P-inputs to soils originate from primary resources (rock phosphate) whereas 63% come from animal and human excretions applied to cropland as manure, digestion residues and sewage sludge. Simultaneously these waste flows represent a potential hazard to human health and aquatic bodies because of pathogens and eutrophication. Management of these waste flows is far from being sustainable, in part due to the lack of efficient processing technologies. A cooperative InnoEnergy—EIT financed KIC Knowledge and Innovation Community—research project pursues development and demonstration of highly efficient technologies to overcome the constraints and to yield renewable phosphate fertilizers and energy from waste flows that may have a combined technical energy potential of 3,600 PJ/year and an annual phosphate recovery potential of 4.5–5.5 million tonnes (as P₂O₅) in Europe.     

Effect of ethylene-co-vinyl acetate-glycidylmethacrylate and cellulose microfibers on the thermal,rheological and biodegradation properties of poly(lactic acid) based systems

The properties and biodegradation behavior of blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and ethylene-vinyl acetate-glycidylmethacrylate copolymer (EVA-GMA), and their composites with cellulose microfibers (CF) were investigated. The blends and composites were obtained by melt mixing and the morphology, phase behavior, thermal and rheological properties of PLA/EVA-GMA blends and PLA/EVA-GMA/CF composite films were investigated as a function of the composition. The disintegrability in composting conditions was examined by means of morphological, thermal and chemical analyses to gain insights into the post-use degradation processes. The results indicated a good compatibility of the two polymers in the blends with copolymer content up to 30 wt.%, while at higher EVA-GMA content a phase separation was observed. In the composites, the presence of EVA-GMA contributes to improve the interfacial adhesion between cellulose fibers and PLA, due to interactions of the epoxy groups of GMA with hydroxyls of CF. The addition of cellulose microfibers in PLA/EVA-GMA system modifies the rheological behavior, since complex viscosity increased in presence of fibers and decreased with an increase in frequency. Disintegration tests showed that the addition of EVA-GMA influence the PLA disintegration process, and after 21 days in composting conditions, blends and composites showed faster degradation rate in comparison with neat PLA due to the different morphologies induced by the presence of EVA-GMA and CF phases able to allow a faster water diffusion and an efficient PLA degradation process.     

饲料中氯霉素、甲砜霉素和氟甲砜霉素含量的HPLC测定方法

采用微量化样品处理技术,用乙酸乙酯提取饲料样品中的氯霉素、甲砜霉素、氟甲砜霉素,并经液-液分配净化后,用反相液相色谱梯度洗脱双波长对3种组分进行同时分离测定,外标法定量.检出限为0.020mg/kg,回收率大于70%,RSD小于17.2%.     

生物修复技术在重金属污染治理中的应用

随着工业的发展，重金属对环境的污染越来越引起人们的关注。生物修复技术以其投资少、效率高、可以原位修复低浓度有害污染物的特性而在环境污染治理中发挥了巨大的作用，自上世纪80年代产生以来，得到了越来越广泛的应用。本文简要介绍了几种生物修复技术在污染治理中的应用，以期进一步推动重金属污染的治理和修复工作。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时检测畜禽粪便中14种兽药抗生素

研究并优化了同时分析畜禽粪便中14种抗生素(四环素、磺胺、氟喹诺酮和大环内酯类)的加速溶剂萃取参数、固相富集净化程序、以及高效液相色谱分离和检测条件。结果表明,以1%乙酸(pH 2.6)作为流动相,在270 nm的检测波长下,14种抗生素能达到基线分离。3倍信噪比下,四环素、磺胺、氟喹诺酮和大环内酯类抗生素的检出限分别为35～90μg/kg,12～28μg/kg,9～17μg/kg及19μg/kg。加标浓度在1和10μg/g时,畜禽粪便样品经过50%甲醇的柠檬酸盐缓冲溶液提取,HLB固相萃取柱富集净化后,四环素、磺胺、氟喹诺酮和大环内酯类抗生素的回收率分别达到了58%～75%和66%～83%,74%～93%和91%～101%,74%～80%和80%～88%,85%和68%,相对标准偏差分别为6.2%～10.7%和7.8%～13.6,2.6%～10.2%和4.4%～13.2%,6.1%～12.5%和8.3%～14.6%,10.6%和12.3%。采用此方法对辽宁省部分规模化养殖场的猪粪、牛粪和鸡粪样品进行了检测。4类抗生素都有检出,浓度范围分别为0.75～22.34 mg/kg,0.10～1.71 mg/kg,0.38～4.46 mg/kg和0.23～0.35 mg/kg。