A Novel Biomass Supported Na2CO3 System for Flue Gas Desulfurization

The breakthrough and stoichiometric SO2 adsorption efficiencies of a biomass supported Na2CO3 system (80 wt %Na2CO3/straw) have reached 48.9% and 80.6% respectively at a desulfurization temperature of 80℃.     

Microwave pyrolysis of straw bale and energy balance analysis

The compressed wheat and corn straw bale were pyrolyzed on a microwave heating device self-designed and built with respect to the time-resolved temperature distribution, mass loss and product properties. Considering scale up and technology promotion of microwave pyrolysis (MWP), the investigations on electricity consumption and energy balance of MWP were carried out emphatically. The results indicated that MWP had obvious advantages over conventional pyrolysis, such as heating rapid and more valuable products obtained. The distribution of pyrolysis products such as gas, liquid and char was close to 1:1:1 due to the medium pyrolysis temperature and the slow heating rate, which was not favorable for the formation of gas and/or liquid products. The content of H₂ attained the highest value of 35 vol.% and syngas (H₂ and CO) was greater than 50 vol.%. The electricity consumption of MWP was between 0.58 and 0.65 kW h (kg straw)⁻¹ and with the increase of microwave power, the electricity consumption required for pyrolysis of unit mass of straw increased. The minimum microwave power for MWP was about 0.371 kW (kg straw)⁻¹ and the proportion of heat loss and conversion loss of electricity to microwave energy occupied in the total input energy was 42%. Data and information obtained are useful for the design and operation of pyrolysis of large-sized biomass via microwave heating technology.     

黄土区秸秆腐殖化溶解性有机质对土壤铅赋存形态的影响机制

重金属是土壤中最具代表性的污染物之一,重金属的赋存形态直接关系到其生理毒性和迁移行为,是重金属污染研究的重要方向。重金属形态与环境条件关系密切,鉴于土壤系统的高度复杂性,相近条件下的重金属形态转化行为也可能不尽相同。相关研究目前尚未有统一定论,成为有待验证的理论问题。在实验了解秸秆腐殖化DOM性质 (紫外光谱、三维荧光光谱和红外光谱) 的基础上,借助Tessier连续提取-AAS法分析DOM作用下铅的形态转化规律,据此建立溶解性有机碳 (DOC) 与有机结合态铅的线性关系,并辅以FTIR明确DOM官能团对铅形态转化的贡献。结果发现：DOM紫外吸收主峰位于229 nm处,荧光组分集中于λ_ex/em=250/350 nm,λ_ex/em=250/450 nm和λ_ex/em=330/450 nm区域,归属为紫外区类富里酸和可见光区类腐殖酸荧光峰。DOM的官能团组成比较复杂,—OH,CO,N—H等振动峰比较明显。DOM能够影响黄土铅的赋存形态,其存在有助于降低可交换态、铁锰氧化态和残渣态铅含量,但对碳酸盐结合态铅含量影响甚微。DOC含量与有机结合态铅含量正相关(r=0.691 8),表明DOM可以有效络合铅离子;DOM中的—OH,CO, —COOH等基团对铅离子的形态转化具有关键作用。     

Adsorption performance and stability of the modified straws and their extracts of cellulose,lignin, and hemicellulose for Pb2+: pH effect

Adsorption performance and stability of the carboxyl groups modified straws and their extracts of cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose for Pb²⁺ were investigated, and the optimum pH range for Pb²⁺ adsorption was determined by considering both the stability and capacity of the modified biosorbents for the first time. Results showed that adsorption capacity and stability of the straws and extracts were both improved significantly after modification. Adsorption capacities of the modified straws and extracts followed the order: modified hemicellulose > modified lignin, modified straw > modified cellulose, while stability of them followed the reverse order. In the optimum pH range from 4.0 to 5.0, modified rape and cotton straw showed better stability than the modified maize straw, and total organic carbon (TOC) values determined from the two modified straws and extracts were lower than 5.0 mg L⁻¹ even after adsorption for 30 days, which reached the drinking water standard in China.     

Modelling coupled water and heat transport in a soil–mulch–plant–atmosphere continuum (SMPAC) system

This paper presents a physically based model coupling water and heat transport in a soil–mulch–plant–atmosphere continuum (SMPAC) system, in which a transparent polyethylene mulch is applied to a winter wheat crop. The purpose of the study is to simulate profiles of soil water content and temperature for different stages of wheat growth. The mass and energy balance equations are constructed to determine upper boundary conditions of governing equations. Energy parameters are empirically formulated and calibrated from three-month field observed data. Resistance parameters in the SMPAC system are calculated. The mass and energy equations are solved by an iterative Newton–Raphson technique and a finite difference method is used to solve the governing equations. Water-consuming experiments are performed within the growing period of wheat. The results show that the model is quite satisfactory, particularly for high soil water content, in simulating the water and temperature profiles during the growth of the winter wheat.     

Preparation of a novel biodegradable film by co-fermentation of straw and shrimp shell with Aureobasidium pullulans and Photobacterium sp. LYM-1

The green and high-value recycling of shrimp shell and straw remains a worldwide problem. This study aimed to investigate the potential utilization of a fermentation broth (FB) which contains shrimp shell and straw as a new source for preparation of biodegradable films. Aureobasidium pullulans and Photobacterium sp. LYM-1 were used in the fermentation. The cellulase activity was 115.92 U/mL and chitinase activity was 17.89 U/mL in FB. The polysaccharides concentration in FB was 1.05 mg/mL after 7 days of fermentation. An eco-friendly PVA-reinforced FB biodegradable film (FBBF) was successfully prepared and the effect of different plasticizers and surfactants on the mechanical, structural, and impermeability properties of the film was determined. The formation of new bonds between PVA and FB was proved by FTIR spectroscopy. The FBBF containing 0.25 % (w/v) glycerol and 0.01 % (v/v) tween-20 showed better strength properties. Elongation and water-swelling properties were highly improved by adding 0.2 % (m/v) citric acid. According to FE-SEM images, the smooth and tight surface of citric acid added FBBF was observed. Interestingly, the FBBF film showed good heat/moisture capacity, antifungal, and degradation properties. This report reveals a new green, and high-value recycling of straw and shrimp shell by the co-fermentation with A. pullulans and Photobacterium sp. LYM-1. It is also a novel way for the preparation of biodegradable film.     

Additives for controlled degradation of agricultural plastics: ENVIROCARETM

ENVIROCARE^TM additives are specialty chemicals that can be added to conventional thermoplastic polymers to obtain degradable agricultural plastic articles. Their main benefits are connected with their possible incorporation in “commodity plastics”. This allows the production of degradable agriculture plastic articles processable with standard manufacturing machines, without negative effects on the main properties of the plastic article and with evident costs advantages. Furthermore, required outdoor exposure lifetimes for different articles and different environmental conditions can be modulated with the incorporation of the appropriate additive loading in the plastic and with combinations of selected stabilizers. Mulch films, small tunnel films, banana bags and sleeves, direct covers, non-woven, ropes, twines and pots are convenient agricultural applications for this technology. ENVIROCARE^TM products induce plastic degradation following a two steps mechanism: first the plastic is photo- and thermo-oxidized during the outdoor exposure; once the degradation process has been activated by light or heat, ENVIROCARE^TM acts by increasing the degradation rate and degradation continues until the article is totally degraded. Since degradation is both photolytically and thermally triggered, degradation occurs both at the surface and in the soil. Experimental laboratory results allow the assessment of the contribution of different important parameters - i.e. type of polymer, type of article, presence of other stabilizers/additives or pigments, different environmental conditions- on the control of the article lifetime and degradation. Field exposure in different environments integrates the test results and allows for the design of the additive systems adapted to the specific needs.     

基于荧光光谱分析秸秆深埋还田黑土剖面DOC组分结构变化特征

以黑土为研究对象,分析不同深度玉米秸秆还田(0～2, 3～10, 11～20, 21～30和31～40 cm)后可溶性有机碳(DOC)的荧光特性差异,探讨秸秆深还田后腐殖化程度的变化特征。结果表明：秸秆还田可提高土壤DOC的含量。三维荧光光谱特征表明,土壤DOC的荧光组分均为2种,CK～T4处理分别为类腐殖质物质组分(Ex/Em=250～275/455 nm)和类色氨酸物质组分(Ex/Em=225～237/340～350 nm),而T5处理分别为类腐殖质物质组分(Ex/Em=250～275/455 nm)和类酪氨酸物质组分(Ex/Em=225/304 nm),还田31～40 cm深度有较小的自生成分,且腐殖化系数最高。土壤DOC组分C1的荧光强度有随着秸秆还田深度的加深而增大的趋势,C2组分则呈波动性的状态,荧光强度先增强再减弱。土壤DOC受自生源和外生源共同作用(FI>1.4, 0.6相似文献