Enzyme production and profile by Aspergillus niger during solid substrate fermentation using palm kernel cake as substrate

The oil palm sector is one of the major plantation industries in Malaysia. Palm kernel cake is a byproduct of extracted palm kernel oil. Mostly palm kernel cake is wasted or is mixed with other nutrients and used as animal feed, especially for ruminant animals. Recently, palm kernel cake has been identified as an important ingredient for the formulation of animal feed, and it is also exported especially to Europe, South Korea, and Japan. It can barely be consumed by nonruminant (monogastric) animals owing to the high percentages of hemicellulose and cellulose contents. Palm kernel cake must undergo suitable pretreatment in order to decrease the percentage of hemicellulose and cellulose. One of the methods employed in this study is fermentation with microorganisms, particularly fungi, to partially degrade the hemicellulose and cellulose content. This work focused on the production of enzymes by Aspergillus niger and profiling using palm kernel cake as carbon source.     

光度检测离子色谱法测定大豆中的植酸

本文介绍了用光度检测离子色谱法分离分析植酸的适宜条件。以NaNO_3和HNO_3为淋洗液,用磺基水杨酸和三氯化铁为柱后衍生试剂,使用国产YSA型阴离子分离柱分离和测定了大豆中的植酸,得到满意的结果。     

高效液相色谱法检测保健食品中大豆异黄酮含量

建立了保健食品中大豆异黄酮的高效液相色谱检测方法 ,通过正交试验法得出保健食品中大豆异黄酮的最佳水解条件为 :盐酸浓度2.0mol/L,酸体积40mL ,水解温度80℃ ,水解时间3h;采用HypersilODS2C18 色谱柱 (250mm×4.6mmID ,5μm) ,流动相为甲醇 -水(体积比47∶53) ,流速1.0mL/min ,检测波长260nm ,柱温40℃ ,线性范围在0.5～96mg/L ,相关系数r为0.999 ,相对标准偏差 (RSD)2.09% ,回收率在98.5 %～100.5 %。     

Development of a bionematicide with Paecilomyces lilacinus to control Meloidogyne incognita

Root-knot disease caused by Meloidogyne incognita is a matter of grave concern because it affects several economically important crop plants. The use of solid-state fermentation (SSF) may help to elaborate efficient formulations with fungi to be employed in the biologic control of nematodes. Attempts were made to select low-cost substrates for spore production of a strain of Paecilomyces lilacinus with known nematicide capacity. Coffee husks, cassava bagasse, and defatted soybean cake were utilized as substrates, and sugarcane bagasse was used as support. Fermentations were carried out in flasks covered with filter paper at 28°C for 10 d. The products obtained by SSF were evaluated for their nematicide activity in pot experiments containing one seedling of the plant Coleus inoculated with the nematode M. incognita. The plants were evaluated 2 mo after inoculation. Fermented products showed a reduction in the number of nematodes. The best results were obtained with defatted soybean cake, which showed almost 100% reduction in the number of nematodes; the reduction with coffee husk was 80% and with cassava bagasse was about 60%.     

Evaluation of soybean seed protein extraction focusing on metalloprotein analysis

Two methods of protein extraction for soybean seeds were evaluated in terms of preservation of the metal ions bound to proteins after the extraction and separation procedures. The proteins were firstly separated according to their molar masses by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Then, the protein bands were mapped by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence in order to establish which metal ions were present in each one. Finally, some mapped protein bands were decomposed by microwave-assisted combustion and Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry or inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The extraction methods studied were Method A (based on the treatment of ground soybean seeds with hexane and their extraction with Tris–HCl and β-mercaptoethanol) and Method B (based on the treatment of ground soybean seeds with petroleum ether and their extraction with Tris–HCl, dithiothreitol, phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, sodium dodecyl sulfate and potassium chloride). The best method was Method B, in which a 78% higher extraction efficiency was obtained when compared to Method A. Additionally, the metal-protein interactions were more appropriately preserved when Method B was applied, where the most affected ions were those that are bound weakly to proteins, such as Ca, K, and Mg.     

气相色谱法检测月饼中的脱氢乙酸

应用硫酸锌试剂沉淀月饼样品中的蛋白,乙醚提取样品中的脱氢乙酸,建立了Rtx-5弱极性毛细管柱-气相色谱分离检测月饼中的脱氢乙酸的方法。经方法验证,方法的检出限为0.24μg/mL,定量下限为0.32μg/mL,在0.0～0.5 mg/mL浓度范围内脱氢乙酸的浓度与色谱峰面积呈良好线性关系,相关系数r2=0.999 5,加标回收率在87.9%～94.4%之间,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.5%(n=12)。该方法样品处理简单,适合月饼中脱氢乙酸的定量分析检测。     

中和颗粒可压缩性颗粒层模型

本文针对可压缩颗粒层建立了二维数值模型.首先利用颗粒层中颗粒间的相互位置关系,建立了每一个颗粒的力平衡方程,获得了每一个颗粒的受力大小,然后提出了颗粒层坍塌判据,在此基础上,建立了描述颗粒层的沉积-压缩-沉积的动态过程的可压缩颗粒层模型,模型计算结果表明,颗粒层压缩现象主要发生在下部区域,过滤速度越高、范德华力越小,颗粒层越易坍塌,并且颗粒层的压降出现了脉动,模型结果符合已知的实验结果.     

Analysis in protein profile,antioxidant activity and structure-activity relationship based on ultrasound-assisted liquid-state fermentation of soybean meal with Bacillus subtilis

This study investigated effects of ultrasound on the contents of peptide and soluble protein, antioxidant activity, functionalities and structural characteristics of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) with Bacillus subtilis systematically. The results showed that there were significant effects of ultrasound treatments (frequency, treatment time and power density) on the contents of peptide and soluble protein (p < 0.05). Under the optimum ultrasound conditions (power density of 0.08 W/mL, frequency of 33 kHz and treatment time of 1 h) by single factor experiment, the contents of peptide and soluble protein increased by 31.27% and 18.79% compared to those of the control, respectively. Additionally, the in vitro antioxidant activity (•OH scavenging rate, Fe²⁺ chelating capacity and DPPH radical scavenging rate) and functional properties (emulsifying activity and emulsifying stability) of FSBM were found to be noticeably improved by ultrasound (p < 0.05). The fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that ultrasound caused protein molecules to unfold with a decrease content of α-helix and β-turn and an increase in the proportion of β-sheet and random coil. Besides, atomic force microscope (AFM) results indicated that ultrasonication generally increased the surface roughness of protein and the protein sonicated with higher frequency (≥33 kHz) exhibited a greater height compared to lower frequency ultrasonication. Structure-activity relationship analysis illustrated that there was a good linear relationship between •OH scavenging rate and β-sheet/β-turn with Pearson’s correlation coefficient r of −0.86/0.90. Collectively, the selection of ultrasonic parameters is essential for the preparation of functional protein and bioactive peptide by enhancing fermentation of agroindustrial by-products.     

席夫碱钼(Ⅵ)配合物的制备及催化大豆油环氧化

以水杨醛和邻氨基酚为起始原料, 合成了N-亚水杨醛基-2-氨基苯酚配体(H₂SAP); H₂SAP与乙酰丙酮钼的无水乙醇溶液反应, 制得席夫碱钼(Ⅵ)配合物MoO₂(SAP)(EtOH); 采用元素分析、红外光谱、紫外光谱、¹H NMR及热重分析对配合物进行了表征. 以MoO₂(SAP)(EtOH)为催化剂, 研究了其催化合成环氧大豆油的催化性能, 考察了氧源种类、反应温度、反应时间及溶剂/助剂等因素对环氧化反应的影响. 结果表明, 以65%(质量分数)叔丁基过氧化氢(65% TBHP)为氧源, 在80℃时反应4 h, 转化率和选择性分别为43.0%和67.2%, MoO₂(SAP)(EtOH)在催化体系中表现出强烈的助剂效应, 当加入强给电子配体咪唑时, 环氧产率显著降低. 同时对该配合物催化环氧化机理进行了初步探讨.     

基于图像检索的大豆食心虫虫害高光谱检测

为减轻虫害对大豆的影响,首先使用相应的高光谱仪器进行样本采集,样本分为4类：包括带有微小虫卵的,带有幼虫的,有啃食痕迹的和完全正常的大豆各20颗;然后提出了一种基于三维图像检索(3D-R-D, 3D Resnet18 DCH)的大豆食心虫的高光谱检测方法。该方法从视频检索的应用中得到启发,考虑到视频不同帧之间和高光谱不同层之间存在类比关系,使用了在大规模视频检索数据集下训练而成的分类模型,将它作为预训练3D卷积模型进行训练。和已知的文献方法相同,使用公开的光谱数据集进行正式训练和微调,从而得到能进行特征提取的3D卷积网络,用图像检索来实现间接分类,通过利用样本之间的特征距离,实现在全新类别上的分类。为能适应任务,将模型最后的分类层变成了图像检索常用的hash层,从而得到了代表特征的二进制码。该方法不但完成了对不同情况下大豆种类的检测,还解决了训练时样本不足的问题。为探寻一种好的相似度匹配损失函数,对比了多种较新的方法,最后发现使用融入柯西分布的损失函数,实验效果最佳,最终模型的分类精度达86%±1.00%,和在大豆食心虫检测上最新的小样本方法对比,3D-R-D方法提高了3.5%左右的精...