Multiclass detection and quantitation of antibiotics and veterinary drugs in shrimps by fast liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry

A fast liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOFMS) method has been developed for simultaneous quantitative multiclass determination of residues of selected antibiotics and other veterinary drugs (benzalkonium chloride, ethoxyquin, leucomalachite green (LMG), malachite green (MG), mebendazole, sulfadiazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethizole, sulfanilamide, sulfapyridine, sulfathiazole and trimethoprim) in shrimps. Different sample treatment methodologies were tested for the extraction of the targeted species based on either liquid partitioning with different solvents, solid-phase extraction or and matrix solid-phase dispersion. The final selected extraction method consisted of solid-liquid extraction protocol using acetonitrile as solvent followed by a clean-up step with primary secondary amine (QuEChERS). Recovery rates for the extraction of the selected multiclass chemicals were in the range 58-133%. Subsequent identification, confirmation and quantitation were carried out by LC-TOFMS analysis using a reverse-phase C₁₈ column with 1.8 μm particle size. The confirmation of the target species was based on accurate mass measurements of the protonated molecules ([M+H]⁺) and their fragment ions, obtaining routine accuracy errors lower than 2 ppm in most cases. The optimized LC-TOFMS method displayed excellent sensitivity for the studied analytes, with limits of detection (LODs) in the range 0.06-7 μg kg⁻¹. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of 12 shrimp samples collected from different supermarkets, showing the potential applicability of the method for ultratrace detection of these chemicals in such complex matrix.     

湿法消解/干灰化-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定基围虾中总砷

建立了一种采用湿法消解/干灰化-氢化物-原子荧光光谱法分析测定基围虾中总砷的方法。样品中加入6mL硝酸,冷消解120min,电热板160℃预消解至澄清,并赶酸至约1mL,加入灰化辅助剂硝酸镁,550℃马弗炉灰化5min。盐酸溶解灰分,采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法分析测定。通过优化仪器条件,砷含量在0.0-20.0mg.L-1范围内,标准曲线相关线性优于0.999,检出限为0.025mg.L_^-1,相对标准偏差RSD为2.54%-3.13%,加标回收率为93.6%-103.0%。本方法结果准确,可用于基围虾中总砷测定。     

非完全消解-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定虾皮中的铁、铜、锌和锰

用非完全消解法处理虾皮样品,即在低温下用浓硝酸-过氧化氢(3+1)混合酸消解样品,再用乳化剂OP溶解未消解的油脂而配制成无色透明的溶液,将此溶液用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定其中铁、铜、锌和锰元素的含量。建立了快速测定虾皮中微量元素的火焰原子吸收光谱法。对样品处理条件、混合酸中杂质及共存OP的干扰进行了实验,铁、铜、锌和锰的检出限(3S/k)分别为0.021、0.047、0.008、0.026m g.L-1。该法测定虾皮中铁、铜、锌和锰的含量,所得结果与灰化法测定结果一致。     

Bifurcation structures and transient chaos in a four-dimensional Chua model

A four-dimensional four-parameter Chua model with cubic nonlinearity is studied applying numerical continuation and numerical solutions methods. Regarding numerical solution methods, its dynamics is characterized on Lyapunov and isoperiodic diagrams and regarding numerical continuation method, the bifurcation curves are obtained. Combining both methods the bifurcation structures of the model were obtained with the possibility to describe the shrimp-shaped domains and their endoskeletons. We study the effect of a parameter that controls the dimension of the system leading the model to present transient chaos with its corresponding basin of attraction being riddled.     

Self-similarities of periodic structures for a discrete model of a two-gene system

We report self-similar properties of periodic structures remarkably organized in the two-parameter space for a two-gene system, described by two-dimensional symmetric map. The map consists of difference equations derived from the chemical reactions for gene expression and regulation. We characterize the system by using Lyapunov exponents and isoperiodic diagrams identifying periodic windows, denominated Arnold tongues and shrimp-shaped structures. Period-adding sequences are observed for both periodic windows. We also identify Fibonacci-type series and Golden ratio for Arnold tongues, and period multiple-of-three windows for shrimps.     

Selected tandem mass spectrometry ion monitoring for the fast identification of seafood species

Selected tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) ion monitoring (SMIM) is the most suitable scanning mode to detect known peptides in complex samples when an ion-trap mass spectrometer is the instrument used for the analysis. In this mode, the MS detector is programmed to perform continuous MS/MS scans on one or more selected precursors, either during a selected time interval, or along the whole chromatographic run. MS/MS spectra are recorded, so virtual multiple reaction monitoring chromatogram traces for the different fragment ions can be plotted. In this work, a shotgun proteomics approach was applied to the detection of previously characterized species-specific peptides from different seafood species. The proposed methodology makes use of high intensity focused ultrasound-assisted trypsin digestion for ultra fast sample preparation, peptide separation and identification by reverse phase capillary LC coupled to an ion-trap working in the SMIM scanning mode. This methodology was applied to the differential classification of seven commercial, closely related, species of Decapoda shrimps proving to be an excellent tool for seafood product authentication, which may be used by fisheries and manufacturers to provide a fast and effective identification of the specimens, guaranteeing the quality and safety of foodstuffs to consumers.