Optimization of microwave‐assisted extraction for anthocyanins,polyphenols, and antioxidants from raspberry (Rubus Coreanus Miq.) using response surface methodology

Anthocyanins (Acys), polyphenols, and antioxidants were extracted from raspberry (Rubus Coreanus Miq.) using a highly efficient microwave‐assisted extraction technique. Different solvents, including methanol, ethanol, and acetone, were tested. The colors of the extracts varied from light yellow to purple red or dark red. SEM and other nutrient analyses verified that ethanol was the most favorable medium for the microwave‐assisted extraction of raspberry due to its high output and low toxicity. Effects of process parameters, including microwave power, irradiation time, and solvent concentration, were investigated through response surface methodology. Canonical analysis estimated that the highest total Acys content, total polyphenols content, and antioxidant activity of raspberry were 17.93 mg cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside equivalents per gram dry weight, 38.57 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram dry weight, and 81.24%, respectively. The polyphenol compositions of raspberry extract were identified by HPLC with diode array detection, and nine kinds of polyphenols were identified and quantified, revealing that chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, and rutin are the major polyphenols contained in raspberry fruits. Compared with other fruits and vegetables, raspberry contains higher Acy and polyphenol contents with stronger antioxidant activity, suggesting that raspberry fruits are a good source of natural food colorants and antioxidants.     

Loop-type interface for concurrent solvent evaporation in coupled HPLC-GC. Analysis of raspberry ketone in a raspberry sauce as an example

Presently, two coupling techniques are used for directly introducing HPLC fractions into capillary GC: The retention gap technique (involving negligible or partially concurrent solvent evaporation) and fully concurrent solvent evaporation. While the former involves use of a conventional on-column injector, it is now proposed that concurrent solvent evaporation technique be carried out using a switching valve with a built-in sample loop. The technique is based on the concept that the carrier gas pushes the HPLC eluent into the GC capillary against its own vapor pressure, generated by a column temperature slightly exceeding the solvent boiling point at the carrier gas inlet pressure. Further improvement of the technique is achieved by flow regulation of the carrier gas (accelerated solvent evaporation) and backflushing of the sample valve (improved solvent peak shape). Concurrent solvent evaporation using the loop-type interface is easy to handle, allows transfer of very large volumes of HPLC eluent (exceeding 1 ml), and renders solvent evaporation very efficient, allowing discharge of the vapors of 1 ml of solvent through the column within 5–10 min.     

基于树莓派和Java语言的温湿度远程实时测量系统的设计

为了提高变电站内温湿度监测水平,基于树莓派嵌入式系统和Java语言开发了一种温湿度远程实时测量系统,本系统包含客户端、服务器、温湿度测量模块三层硬件架构,客户端和服务器都连接在互联网或局域网中,采用Java语言编程,实现客户端与服务器之间多种通讯模式,客户端可显示可视化控制界面和测量结果。系统运行表明,由于树莓派同时作为现场测量模块的控制器和服务器,数据库在树莓派服务器端生成,数据库文件不会受客户端连接状态的影响,客户端不必时刻与服务器连接,在需要时可连接任一接入系统的树莓派服务器,连接效率大大提高,本系统还可根据实际需要改变服务器和客户端数量、客户端的控制界面,具有很大的灵活性和很强的可扩展性。     

主动型氢原子钟原子弛豫时间的测量和分析

氢原子钟的原子弛豫时间是原子系统经过选态去除基态超精细能级（F = 0,m_F = 0）态和（F = 1,m_F = −1）态原子后,部分氢原子从（F = 1,m_F = 0）态跃迁至（F = 0,m_F = 0）态直至原子系统达到平衡状态所需的时间,该参数反映了原子的寿命,并直接影响氢原子钟的稳定度指标.为了测量主动型氢原子钟的弛豫时间,进而评估其性能,通过Raspberry Pi（RPI）产生时序信号,控制数字衰减器和电离源供电电路的继电器,从而控制微波探测信号的开启和原子束流的通断,并与数据采集等电路组成了氢原子自由感应衰减测试系统.通过对采集的自由感应衰减信号建模拟合,测算了氢原子钟的弛豫时间.该方法对于评估和优化原子线宽,改进主动型氢原子钟稳定度指标具有重要的参考意义.