Design and synthesis of polyindole - ZnO nano composite for NLO applications

Present paper mainly focuses on the synthesis, characterization polyindole-ZnO nano composites for third order nonlinear optical applications. Polyindole was synthesized through oxidative polymerization technique and its composites were prepared with different ZnO concentration. Structural morphology of the polymer composite was studied using FESEM, XRD and UV Visible spectroscopic technique. Polymer showed broad absorption with absorption maxima of 395 nm. Newly prepared thin films showed excellent nonlinear absorption with very good optical limiting behaviour when it is exposed to He-Ne laser with maximum optical limiting power of 11 mW along with third-order nonlinear susceptibility χ⁽³⁾ of 2.72 × 10^?3 esu. Hence these polymer composites may be potential candidate for optical limiting applications.     

静电纺聚吲哚纳米纤维的制备及其对镉离子的吸附行为

以无水氯化铁为氧化剂,采用化学氧化还原法合成了聚吲哚,利用静电纺丝技术制备了聚吲哚导电纳米纤维材料,研究了聚吲哚纳米纤维对重金属Cd2+的吸附行为.FTIR和NMR测试结果表明,化学氧化还原过程中吲哚的聚合是发生在吲哚单体的C2、C3位置.SEM和TEM观察表明,聚吲哚纳米纤维表面较光滑,呈圆柱状、没有珠节;纤维无规分布,平均直径约为145 nm;聚吲哚纳米纤维的比表面积非常高,达73.45 m2/g,其对重金属Cd2+具有良好的吸附能力,在p H=6时其对Cd2+平衡吸附量最大,约为140.36 mg/g,平衡吸附时间约为50 min.热力学分析表明聚吲哚纳米纤维对Cd2+的吸附行为用Freundlich模型描述更合理,动力学分析表明聚吲哚纳米纤维对Cd2+的吸附比较符合准二级动力学模型.再生10次后,其吸附量为100.67mg/g,是最大值的71%,是一种潜在的重金属Cd2+高效吸附材料.     

ELECTROCHEMICAL POLYMERIZATION OF 5-CYANOINDOLE IN MIXED ELECTROLYTES OF BORON TRIFLUORIDE DIETHYL ETHERATE AND DIETHYL ETHER

High quality poly（5-cyanoindole） （P5CI） films were electrosynthesized by direct anodic oxidation of 5-cyanoindole on stainless steel sheet in the mixed electrolytes of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate （BFEE） and diethyl ether （EE） （by volume 1：1） ＋ 0,05 mol L^-1 Bu4NBF4. The film formed can be peeled off the electrode into freestanding films, The addition of EE into BFEE can improve the solubility of monomer. P5CI films obtained from this medium showed excellent electrochemical behavior with conductivity of 10^-2 S cm^-1, Structural studies showed that the polymerization of 5-cyanoindole occurred at the 2,3 position. As-formed P5CI films were thoroughly soluble in strong polar organic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide （DMSO） while partly soluble in tetrahydrofuran （THF） or acetone. Fluorescence spectral studies indicated that P5CI was a good blue-ight emitter.     

Low-potential facile electrosyntheses of free-standing poly(5-methoxyindole) film with good fluorescence properties

High-quality free-standing poly(5-methoxyindole) (P5MIn) films were synthesized electrochemically by direct anodic oxidation of 5-methoxyindole (5MIn) in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE). P5MIn films obtained from this medium showed good electrochemical behavior and good thermal stability with a conductivity of 0.12 S cm⁻¹. P5MIn films were insoluble in water, acetone and tetrahydrofuran. The structure of the polymer was studied by UV–visible spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy, which indicated that the polymerization occurred at C₍₂₎ and C₍₃₎ position. Fluorescent spectral studies indicate that solid P5MIn film is a good blue emitter. Thermal stability of P5MIn film is higher than poly(5-methylindole) and poly(5-chloroindole) obtained from BFEE. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the electrosyntheses of free-standing P5MIn films.     

High-efficiency electrodeposition of polyindole nanocomposite using MoS2 nanosheets as electrolytes and their capacitive performance

Polyindole (PIn) has attracted extensive interest as promising energy storage materials owing to fairly good thermal stability, high redox activity and stability, however, it is challenging to prepare high-quality PIn in neutral solvents by electrochemical method. Herein, a simple route, based on MoS₂ nanosheets as electrolytes, has been developed for the electrochemical preparation of PIn/MoS₂ nanocomposite in acetonitrile solution. Due to the coordination interaction between indole and MoS₂, the onset oxidation potential of indole in this medium was reduced to 0.5 V from 0.75 V determined in acetonitrile/LiClO₄. The morphologies and structures of as-obtained PIn/MoS₂ nanocomposite were characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, Raman and XPS. The results of thermal analysis indicated that the PIn/MoS₂ nanocomposite had an improved thermal stability relative to PIn and MoS₂ nanosheets. Moreover, the specific capacitance of PIn/MoS₂ nanocomposite was 8.3 times higher than that of PIn prepared acetonitrile/LiClO₄. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the high-efficiency electrodeposition of PIn/MoS₂ nanocomposite in MoS₂-based acetonitrile solution, which will be a promising candidate as a high efficient electrode material in the application of supercapacitors.     

聚吲哚及其衍生物的荧光光谱

在三氟化硼乙醚及其混合电解质中,吲哚及其衍生物阳极氧化可以获得高质量的聚吲哚及其衍生物膜:聚吲哚、聚(5-甲基吲哚)、聚(5-硝基吲哚)、聚(5-氰基吲哚)、聚(5-溴吲哚).它们可溶于DMSO和THF中.聚吲哚及其衍生物具有良好的荧光性质;单体的发射光谱与取代基有关,而聚合物的发射光谱几乎不受取代基的影响.电子离域程度增大,使得聚合物的激发和发射光谱红移,宽的分子量分布则会使聚合物的激发和发射光谱变宽.     

Influence of monomer concentration on polycarbazole–polyindole (PCz–PIn) copolymer properties: Application in Schottky diode

Copolymerization of carbazole (Cz) and indole (In) is successfully performed through potentiostatic polymerization; and the influence of the monomer concentrations ratio on copolymer formation, is investigated. It is found that 1:2 ratio of Cz to In monomer is optimum for the synthesis of a copolymer with high electroactivity. The structural, optical, thermal and morphological analysis of the copolymers are carried out with UV–vis, FT–IR spectroscopy, differential scanning coulometry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) technique. Electrochemical and thermal studies, further support better redox activity and thermal stability of the copolymer, respectively. We also report fabrication and characterizations of the electrochemically synthesized copolymer in organic Schottky diode with configuration metal Al/copolymer/indium tin oxide coated glass (ITO). The current density–voltage (J–V) characteristic of the Schottky diode is consequential in extracting the electronic parameters and the charge transport mechanism of the devices.     

Fabrication of polyindene and polyindole nanostructures

One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures of fused ring polymeric systems: polyindene (PIn) and polyindole (PInd) were fabricated onto glass substrates using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Morphology of fabricated PIn and PInd structures studied using Olympus microscope reveals formation of 1D straight tubular, smooth and fluorescent nanostructures. The results obtained were further correlated with scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies of PIn and PInd nanostructures, indicating appearance of fine nanothread entangled network (having diameter ∼ 50 nm) for PIn, and well-defined, straight and aligned nanotubes (having diameter ∼ 60 nm) for PInd. A comparative study on the morphology/dimensions of fabricated PIn and PInd nanostructures with the nanosized PIn and PInd structures obtained by oxidative synthetic routes is also discussed. The structural composition of fabricated PIn and PInd nanostructures is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thereby indicating existence of all infrared markers corresponding to the characteristic bands present in PIn and PInd. The study suggests that the fabricated PIn and PInd nanodimensional structures may find potential applications in the field of nanotechnology.     

Colloidal dispersions of polyindole

Polyindole dispersions consisting of 20–30-nm-sized nanoparticles are prepared by chemical oxidation with ferric chloride using sodium dodecyl sulphate, poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(vinyl acetate) as steric stabilizers. Pure acetonitrile and acetonitrile–water mixtures are used as solvents. The particle size depended on the concentrations of monomer and the steric stabilizer. The dispersions are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis and cyclic voltammetry techniques.