Orientation mechanisms during biaxial drawing of polymer films

Summary Second drawing of monoaxially drawn PP and PET films perpendicular to the first drawing direction has been investigated. At low draw ratios structural systems having an angle of 45° with regard to the second draw direction are formed. By increasing the draw ratio the structures rotate into the new preferred direction. The results lead to the impression that the structural transformations do not turn out molecule by molecule, but domain by domain.

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Zusammenfassung Die Zweitverstreckung monoaxial verstreckter PP- und PET-Folien senkrecht zur Erstverstreckrichtung wird untersucht. Bei kleinen Verstreckgraden bilden sich Struktursysteme unter 45° zur Zweitverstreckrichtung; bei weiterer Verdehnung drehen sich die Strukturen in die Vorzugsrichtung. Die Ergebnisse vermitteln den Eindruck, daß die Strukturänderung nicht Molekül für Molekül, sondern Bereich für Bereich abläuft.

With 10 figures and 2 tables     

Gold coatings on polyethyleneterephthalate nano-patterned by F2 laser irradiation

In this work we present periodic surface structures generated by linearly polarized F₂ laser light (157 nm) on polyethyleneterephthalate (PET). Atomic force microscopy was used to study the topological changes induced by the laser irradiation. The laser irradiation induces the formation of periodic ripple structures with a width of ca 130 nm and a height of about 15 nm in the fluence range 3.80-4.70 mJ/cm² and the roughness of the polymer surface increases due to the presence of these periodic structures. Subsequently, the laser modified PET foils were coated with a 50 nm thick gold layer by sputtering. After Au deposition on the PET foils with ripple structure, the roughness of surface decreases in comparison to PET with ripples without Au coating. For 50 nm thick Au layers, the ripple structure is not directly transferred to the gold coating, but it has an obvious effect on the grain size of the coating. With considerably thinner Au layers, the ripple structures are smoothened but preserved.     

聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯的等离子体表面改性研究

阐述了等离子体原理,综述了等离子体对聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯表面改性的研究工作,大量的实验数据表明了这种方法可以成功改善各种性能。等离子体处理后PET材料表面粗糙度增加,并产生化学基团,因此可改善以下各种性能:润湿性、粘接性、染色性、抗静电性,对人体的生物相容性,添加TiO2的杀菌性,PET表面化学镀金属的性能。PET表面的刻蚀作用,导致其重量的减轻,可替代部分碱减量处理。     

新型成纤共聚酯

介绍了成纤共聚酯的研究工作主要是对聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的研究、首先阐述了共聚单体的化学结构对共聚酯性能的影响。实验结果指出了经曲有限元 含有间）邻）位苯环结构和含柔性链结构的共聚是具有明显不同的物理例如,后者的玻璃化温度下降比前者大的多,前者的结昌速度减慢,而后乾的结晶速度加快。其次是阐述了共聚酯的物理性能对其纤维性能的影响,例如,玻璃化温度的降低有利于纤维染色性能的提高,含有柔性 的共聚酯玻璃化     

Morphologie von Polyäthylenterephthalat unterschiedlichen Molekulargewichts

Zusammenfassung Polyäthylenterephthalat-(PET-)Folien wurden aminolytisch unterschiedlich lange abgebaut. Die so hergestellten Produkte unterscheiden sich deutlich im (mittleren) Molekulargewicht, dem Kristallisations- und Schmelzverhalten und der Morphologie. Die von Ueberreiter an Polyäthylensuccinat nachgewiesene Beobachtung, daß die Primärkeimdichte mit geringer werdendem Molekulargewicht abnimmt, konnte bestätigt werden.Herrn Prof. Dr. K. Ueberreiter zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

The effect of angle of incidence to low damage sputtering of organic polymers using a C60 ion beam

The effect of angle of incidence of C₆₀ ion beam for low damage polymer depth profiling on TOF-SIMS and XPS has been investigated. In this study, TOF-SIMS and XPS depth profiles were taken at several angles of incidence of C₆₀ ion beam and the results were compared with each other. By using a higher angle of incidence, in XPS analysis, the changes of atomic concentration for polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) were suppressed. In TOF-SIMS analysis, the degradations of fragment ion intensity for PET and polystyrene (PS) were also suppressed at a higher angle of incidence. Although the information depth of TOF-SIMS is different from that of XPS, both results suggested that a higher angle of incidence is a better condition for low damage polymer depth profiling.     

Differential thermal analysis of drawn PET-films

Summary PET films were uniaxially drawn in a water bath at temperatures below and near glass transition temperature. Draw velocity and draw ratio were varied. DTA curves were recorded and analysed. For discussion of DTA density and birefringence were measured. DTA data are shown to supply information about morphology, which cannot be given by knowing density and birefringence. On the contrary drawing procedure modifies the resulting morphology in a complex way.

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Zusammenfassung PET-Filme wurden in einem Wasserbad bei Temperaturen unterhalb und nahe der Glasübergangstemperatur uniaxial verstreckt. Verstreckgeschwindigkeit und -grad wurden variiert. DTA-Kurven dieser Proben wurden aufgenommen und analysiert. Zur Diskussion der DTA-Daten wurden Dichte und Doppelbrechung ermittelt. Die DTA-Daten liefern Informationen über die Morphologie der Proben, die aus Dichte- und Doppelbrechungswerten nicht erhalten werden können. Es zeigt sich vielmehr, daß die Durchführung des Verstreckungsprozesses in komplexer Weise die Morphologie der verstreckten Proben bestimmt.

With 15 figures     

Preparation of unsaturated polyester Ce(IV) phosphate by plastic waste bottles and its application for removal of Malachite green dye from water samples

In this paper, recycling of polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), a non-biodegradable plastic, was carried out by preparing unsaturated polyester Ce(IV) phosphate (USPECe(IV)P) composite cation exchanger. Various samples of USPECe(IV)P was prepared by mixing different volume ratios of unsaturated polyester in an inorganic Ce(IV) phosphate gel and characterized by TGA/DTA, XRD, SEM, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) instrumental methods. The composite has been employed as adsorbents for the removal of Malachite green dye from waste water. The nature of possible adsorbent and dye interaction was examined by the FTIR technique. The adsorption of MG was found to be maximum (98%) at pH 8. The extent of removal of MG was found to be dependent on adsorbent dose, temperature and time. The equilibrium data for adsorption was best represented by the Friendlich isotherm. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH⁰ and ΔG⁰) suggest an endothermic and spontaneous process. Kinetic studies show better applicability of an intraparticle diffusion kinetic model.     

Gold nano-wires and nano-layers at laser-induced nano-ripples on PET

Gold nano-layers were deposited onto laser irradiated polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) surfaces. For irradiation, we used the linearly polarized light of a pulsed 248 nm KrF and 157 nm F₂ laser, respectively. In a certain range of irradiation parameters, the irradiation resulted in the formation of coherent ripples patterns with a lateral periodicity in the order of the wavelength of the laser light and with a corrugation height of several 10 nm. The deposited layers were then prepared by sputtering. The layers were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), focused ion beam (FIB) cuts, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and angular resolved X-ray induced photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS). Gold sputtering on KrF laser irradiated PET led to the formation of separated “nano-wires” at the ridges of the nano-patterns and not to a continuous metal layer, as we obtained in case of gold sputtering onto F₂ irradiated PET. The results of the XPS analysis indicated, that the KrF irradiation caused degradation on the ridge of the ripples, whereas no noticeable degradation occurred for F₂ laser treatment. We attribute the different growth mechanisms of the deposited gold layers mainly to the difference in surface chemical composition of laser irradiated PET with the two different lasers employed.     

EFFECT OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF COMONOMERS ON THE PROPERTIES OF COPOLYESTERS

The effect of different kinds of comonomers with or without flexible chain on proper-ties of copolyesters, such as transition temperature, crystallization velocity, crystallinityand size of crystallites, is studied. The experimental results indicate the obvious differ-ence in properties between comonomers with iso- and ortho-structure of phenyl ring andcomonomers with flexible chain. The influence of chemical structure of comonomers onproperties of copolyesters is discussed.