Dispersed Structure of Ethanol‐Gasoline Fuel According to Dynamic Light Scattering Method

The dispersed structures of mixtures of five different gasolines with anhydrous ethanol were investigated by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method. The aim of the work was to find whether these blends are colloid systems. Influence of different parameters was investigated to verify the results of this research. Ethanol‐gasoline blends were found to be colloid systems with the drop size of 20–150 nm.     

聚锆碳硅烷陶瓷先驱体的制备与表征

为了提高SiC陶瓷纤维的综合性能,利用聚二甲基硅烷(PDMS)热解制得的液相产物聚硅碳硅烷(PSCS)与乙酰丙酮锆(Zr(AcAc)4)反应,制备了含锆SiC陶瓷纤维的先驱体聚锆碳硅烷(PZCS).选用液相PSCS作为反应原料,可使锆元素在先驱体中分布更加均匀,并能防止Zr(AcAc)4在反应过程中升华.实验合成的PZCS化学式为SiC1.94HxO0.066Zr0.0104,数均分子量Mn=200~400,再成型性良好.反应机理研究表明,反应过程中存在PSCS裂解重排反应,Si—H键在反应中显示出很高的活性,PZCS分子量的增加是PSCS形成的Si—H键与Zr(AcAc)4的配位基发生交联反应的结果.利用PZCS制备的Si—Zr—C—O陶瓷纤维平均强度2.6GPa,平均直径11μm,性能优异.     

Influence of silicon and carbon excesses on the aqueous dispersion of SiC nanocrystals for optical application

The dispersion behaviour of laser-synthesized silicon carbide nanoparticles (npSiC) in water is investigated by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). With regard to previous studies and due to an application in the processing of optical materials, this paper concerns low npSiC contents (from 0.05 to 10 wt.%). The role played by the particle surface state is be pointed out through the consideration of stochiometric (C/Si = 1), carbon-rich (C/Si > 1) and silicon-rich (C/Si < 1) nanopowders. Suspensions made from stoichiometric and silicon-rich nanopowders are easily dispersed and stable with time. The PCS measurements reveal in this case more than 95% of isolated nanoparticles, pointing out the key role of the oxidized layer covering the grain of silicon-rich samples. At the opposite, the carbon-rich powders are hardly dispersed in pure water, correlated with the presence of a relatively inert graphitic carbon layer at the grain surface. However, by addition of a commercial polymeric dispersant, all nanopowders induce high quality suspensions. In particular, the carbon-rich samples are easily dispersed, and possible dispersion mechanisms of npSiC in presence of a polymeric surfactant are discussed. The influence of the npSiC loading and the time evolution of the suspension are also presented. By considering stoichiometric, as well as carbon- and silicon-rich samples, this paper demonstrates the possibility to achieve high quality dispersions of SiC nanoparticles, whatever the chemical composition of the powder, as an easy step for optical material processing.This revised version was published online in August 2005 with a corrected issue number.     

Development of silicon nitride fiber from Si-containing polymer by radiation curing and its application

A silicon nitride fiber (Si₃N₄) was synthesized from polycarbosilane (PCS) fiber by radiation application. PCS fibers were cured by electron beam (EB) irradiation in a helium gas atmosphere prior to the pyrolysis. The cured PCS fiber was converted to Si₃N₄ ceramic fiber with flexibility by nitridation in ammonia gas at a high temperature of 500–1000°C. The obtained Si₃N₄ fibre showed a high heat resistance up to 1300°C, a high tensile strength of 2 GPa and excellent electrical resistivity of 10¹³ Ω cm. The ceramic fiber was fabricated to cloth and applied for electric wire insulator. The wire cable is flexible and can be applied at a high temperature atmosphere of around 1000°C.     

ʵʱ����ƽ�ⷴ�ݳ�����EAST PCS�еļ���

为提高等离子体实时平衡反演过程的精度和效率,开发了基于图形处理器(GPU)的P-EFIT程序.简要概括EAST PCS软硬件架构后,描述了并行实时平衡反演程序P-EFIT在EAST PCS中的集成工作.为了验证集成系统的正确性与可用性,用历史实验数据作了性能测试,满足实时控制的要求.目前P-EFIT已集成在EAST中并用于等离子体控制,EAST实验证明控制性能良好.     

Studies of Lead Zirconate Titanate Sol Ageing Part I: Factors Affecting Particle Growth

The formation and growth of polymeric particles during the hydrolysis and condensation of PbZr_0.3Ti_0.7O₃ (PZT 30/70) precursor solutions have been studied as functions of time by using photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). Particle shape was deduced by measuring the rheological properties of the sols and was found to remain chain-like during sol ageing. Various factors that affect the ageing of PZT sols have been investigated. Ethylene glycol (EG) was found to greatly accelerate the hydrolysis and condensation of the acid-modified Pb-free Zr/Ti solutions but had little effect on the particle growth for the Pb-containing PZT sols. Temperature and H₂O concentration were found to have major effects on the ageing behaviors. The higher the temperature and H₂O concentration, the higher the particle growth rates and the faster the sol gels.     

Highly sensitive optical humidity probe

A highly sensitive optical humidity probe based on reflectance measurements has been developed using Nafion^®-crystal violet (CV) films. This sensor can be used to calibrate relative humidity (RH) in the range 0-0.25% with a detection limit (blank signal + 3σ_b, where σ_b = the standard deviation (S.D.) of the blank signal) of 0.018% RH (∼4.37 ppm) and exhibited low hysteresis. The sensor films were fully reversible in dry nitrogen and reversal times were shown to be dependent on exposure time and % RH. The response to 1% RH was highly reproducible (S.D. = 1.67%, number of samples (n) = 5). Hydrogen chloride gas did not interfere with the response of the sensor to RH but did reduce sensor reversal times. This sensor displayed sufficient sensitivity that it could be used to detect ppm levels of moisture in process gases such as nitrogen and HCl.     

Pricing perpetual American catastrophe put options: A penalty function approach

The expected discounted penalty function proposed in the seminal paper by Gerber and Shiu [Gerber, H.U., Shiu, E.S.W., 1998. On the time value of ruin. North Amer. Actuarial J. 2 (1), 48-78] has been widely used to analyze the joint distribution of the time of ruin, the surplus immediately before ruin and the deficit at ruin, and the related quantities in ruin theory. However, few of its applications can be found beyond except that Gerber and Landry [Gerber, H.U., Landry, B., 1998. On the discount penalty at ruin in a jump-diffusion and the perpetual put option. Insurance: Math. Econ. 22, 263-276] explored its use for the pricing of perpetual American put options. In this paper, we further explore the use of the expected discounted penalty function and mathematical tools developed for the function to evaluate perpetual American catastrophe equity put options. We obtain the analytical expression for the price of perpetual American catastrophe equity put options and conduct a numerical implementation for a wide range of parameter values. We show that the use of the expected discounted penalty function enables us to evaluate the perpetual American catastrophe equity put option with minimal numerical work.     

Determination of engineered nanoparticles on textiles and in textile wastewaters

Textile materials with engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) have excellent properties as they are antibacterial, antimicrobial, water resistant and protective. The textile industry has recognized the importance and the advantages of ENPs, so they comprise one of the fastest developing branches of processing.The most important sources of ENPs released to the environment from textiles are textile-industry wastewaters and waters from large hospital or hotel laundries. In addition, waste textile materials coated with ENPs present a threat to the environment, if such materials are not properly handled and disposed of after use.Currently, the toxicity and the potential harm of ENPs widely applied on textiles are not thoroughly investigated and/or eliminated. Consequently, there is an urgent need to define the most appropriate analytical methods for monitoring ENPs on textiles.This review presents the most important techniques for monitoring ENPs on textile materials and in textile-wastewater samples, from the perspective of protecting the environment and human health.     

Determination of Particle Size and Shape during the Hydrolysis of Pb(Zr0.3Ti0.7)O3 Precursor Solutions

The formation and growth of polymeric particles during the hydrolysis and condensation of PbZr_0.3Ti_0.7 O₃ (PZT 30/70) sol-gel precursor solutions have been investigated by using photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and by measuring their rheological properties. The measurements showed that the growth of the particles in the transition of PZT sol to gel followed a simple polymerisation process. Solution A (containing by-products) and Solution B (by-products removed) displayed a similar plot of logarithmic viscosity against logarithmic time, indicating that the particles in both solutions have similar structures after hydrolysis. The changes in viscosity and particle size with time were described by single logarithmic growth models. However, the increasing rate of logarithmic particle size in Solution B is higher than that in Solution A. A model for the form of the aggregates is discussed which is applicable to PZT organometal-particle aggregation process in systems with acetic acid as a modifier.