吡唑和1-甲胺酰基吡唑类化合物的紫外吸收光谱及其应用

研究了吡唑类化合物和1-甲胺酰基吡唑类化合物的紫外吸收光谱.结果表明,3位和5位的取代使吡唑的最大吸收波长红移3～4 nm,而4位的取代能够引起较大的红移(>10 nm).甲胺酰基的引入可使吡唑类化合物的最大吸收波长红移20～26 nm,最大消光系数提高2～3倍.基于此,建立了快速测定吡唑类化合物含量的紫外分光光度法,并测定了长效尿素中3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)的含量为尿素-N的1.15%,1-甲胺酰基-3-甲基吡唑(CMP)在水溶液中水解的半减期在20,25和30℃下分别为48,30和16 h,应用不同提取剂对三种土壤中硝化抑制剂3-甲基吡唑磷酸盐(MPP)的提取率为63.2%～89.2%.     

N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O Production by Nitrifying Biomass Under Anoxic and Aerobic Conditions

The capacity of nitrifying biomass, grown in biofilms or in suspension, to reduce NO₂ ^- and NO₃ ⁻ under anoxic conditions was tested in batch experiments. The estimated reduction rates were 5 and 25 mg N per gram volatile suspended solids (VSS) per day for nitrate and nitrite, respectively, in the case of the nitrifying biofilms. Activity tests carried out with successive feedings indicated that no acclimation of the biomass to the tested conditions occurred, as the obtained reduction rates remained almost constant. Another series of activity assays was carried out with nitrifying suspended biomass, and the reduction rates for nitrate and nitrite were 30.4 and 48.9 mg N per gram VSS per day, respectively. N₂O and N₂ were the final gaseous products, and their percentages depended on the source of nitrogen feed. The specific production of nitrous oxide during nitrification was investigated during continuous experiments in a biofilm airlift suspension reactor. Specific production rates up to 46 mg N₂O–N per gram VSS per day were measured. The percentage of N₂O produced represented up to 34.4% of the ammonia oxidized. Nitrite accumulation, low dissolved oxygen concentrations, and the presence of organic matter favored the production of nitrous oxide. N₂O gas was not detected during the oxidation of nitrite even when organic matter was present. To prevent N₂O gas production in nitrifying systems, the operation at low dissolved oxygen concentrations, nitrite presence, or organic matter content should be avoided.     

湿地土壤硝化微生物群落的高光谱研究

氮循环是土壤生态系统元素循环的重要过程,其中硝化作用对于土壤氮循环有重要影响。硝化作用的主要完成者是硝化微生物群落,土壤微生物是湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,其可以指示湿地生态环境变化,对正确认识湿地生态系统氮循环和湿地污染净化功能具有重要意义。尝试从高光谱遥感技术角度,基于土壤氮素光谱监测机理,探索湿地土壤硝化微生物群落高光谱估算技术,进而为估测其时空分布状况提供新技术途径。研究对硝化作用中两个独立阶段的主要完成者氨氧化细菌和亚硝酸氧化细菌,采用最大可能数法分别计数,并以两者计数测量结果的合计,作为各采样区域土壤硝化微生物的数量值。采用光谱倒数的对数(LR)、光谱一阶微分(FD)、光谱二阶微分(SD)、包络线去除(CR)和光谱波段深度(BD)光谱变换技术,以及基于再抽样(bootstrap)技术的多元逐步回归(SMLR)和偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)建模方法,构建湿地土壤硝化微生物数量和全氮含量估算模型。研究结果表明：在采用bootstrap SMLR建模方法时,湿地土壤硝化微生物数量和全氮含量的估算波段位置存在一定的相似性(尤其对于原光谱实测数据R和SD光谱);对于湿地土壤硝化微生物数量和全氮含量的估算,bootstrap PLSR相比于bootstrap SMLR建模方法,具有较高的估算精度;对湿地土壤硝化微生物数量的估算,最高估算精度产生于SD光谱变换技术结合bootstrap PLSR建模;对湿地土壤全氮含量的估算,最高估算精度产生于CR光谱变换技术结合bootstrap PLSR建模。     

Kinetic study of addition of volatile organic compounds to a nitrifying sludge

The effects of different concentrations of several volatile organic compounds (VOC) such as ethanol, acetate, propionate, and butyrate ranging from 0 to 2000 mg/L as well as a mixture of volatile fatty acids (MVFA) at a 4:1:1 (acetate:propionate:butyrate) ratio on the nitrification rate in batch cultures were studied. The results showed that ethanol and acetate were consumed in a mixotrophic way by the nitrifying sludge. At a concentration of 500 mg/L, the nitrification rate of inhibition was different for each compound in which propionate and butyrate were the most inhibitory. At 2000 mg/L the inhibition was 80% with ethanol and 100% with acetate, propionate, and butyrate. With similar concentrations of MVFA, the inhibition was also similar to that in acetate. The effect of the addition of pulses of MVFA at a ratio of 4:1:1 during 14 h on the performance of the continuous nitrifying process with a hydraulic retention time of 3 d was also studied. No inhibition of the nitrification process was observed with pulses of 750–3000 mg of MVFA/L in the input of the reactor. The results in batch cultures suggest that the different degrees of inhibition of the nitrification process were related to the type of organic matter added. The noninhibitory effect of the organic matter in the continuous cultures on the nitrification efficiency of the nitrifying sludge might be related to the feeding pattern.     

Impact of glycosylation on physico–chemical and biological properties of nitrification inhibitors

The lipophilic 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), known for its nitrification inhibition properties, was derivatized thanks to direct glycosylation reactions. Similar transformations were also performed starting from 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI), structurally close to MBT. The resulting S-linked mono- or disaccharides derived from d-glucose or l-arabinose, and cellobiose, gentiobiose or lactose, respectively, were subsequently studied as novel nitrification inhibitors without any further formulation or physical processes, except dilution in water. Along with ecotoxicity measurements, inhibition properties of the synthesized water soluble glycoconjugates were studied in a model reactor containing nitrification bacteria. The best results were obtained for the gentiobiosyl derivatives simply dissolved in water.     

Tree species of the central amazon and soil moisture alter stable isotope composition of nitrogen and oxygen in nitrous oxide evolved from soil

The use of stable isotopes of N and O in N₂O has been proposed as a way to better constrain the global budget of atmospheric N₂O and to better understand the relative contributions of the main microbial processes (nitrification and denitrification) responsible for N₂O formation in soil. This study compared the isotopic composition of N₂O emitted from soils under different tree species in the Brazilian Amazon. We also compared the effect of tree species with that of soil moisture, as we expected the latter to be the main factor regulating the proportion of nitrifier- and denitrifier-derived N₂O and, consequently, isotopic signatures of N₂O. Tree species significantly affected δ ¹⁵N in nitrous oxide. However, there was no evidence that the observed variation in δ ¹⁵N in N₂O was determined by varying proportions of nitrifier- vs. denitrifier-derived N₂O. We submit that the large variation in δ ¹⁵N-N₂O is the result of competition between denitrifying and immobilizing microorganisms for NO 3 m . In addition to altering δ ¹⁵N-N₂O, tree species affected net rates of N₂O emission from soil in laboratory incubations. These results suggest that tree species contribute to the large isotopic variation in N₂O observed in a range tropical forest soils. We found that soil water affects both ¹⁵N and ¹⁸O in N₂O, with wetter soils leading to more depleted N₂O in both ¹⁵N and ¹⁸O. This is likely caused by a shift in biological processes for ¹⁵N and possible direct exchange of ¹⁸O between H₂O and N₂O.     

Green and controllable metal-free nitrification and nitration of arylboronic acids

A novel and green nitrating reagent has been developed for the nitrification and nitration of arylboronic acids,which can be controlled by the reaction conditions.The process provides an attractive alternative to the traditional nitration protocols.     

Oscillations of exopolymeric composition and sludge volume index in nitrifying flocs

Protein, carbohydrate, and lipid composition of the exopolymer fraction of a nitrifying sludge in steady-state culture was analyzed after dissociation with 50 mM EDTA and dialysis of the nonfilamentous flocs. Steady-state culture was established when the nitrification rate was constant. The nitrification efficiency at that regime was 93%, also constant. In steady state the concentration of exopolymer protein in the nitrifying sludge floc oscillated from 5 (lowest) to 45 (highest) mg/L with a consistent oscillating pattern having a duration period of 10 d each. Carbohydrate and lipid content in the flocs showed no significant variations (30 and 36 mg/L, respectively). Only 20% of the extracellular polysaccharides had molecular weights higher than 10 kDa, suggesting that the floc aggregation depended on smaller fractions of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates. The oscillations in the concentration of exopolymeric protein coincided with parallel variations in the sludge volumetric index (SVI) value (12.2±2.1 mL/g). Analysis of the polymeric substances of the floc and suspended solids corroborated by statistical analysis indicated that the variations in the SVI of the nitrifying nonfilamentous flocs were mainly related to the changes in the exopolymeric protein content.